Early government Essay -- essays research papers

     In early American government there were two developing political perspectives that were outrightly clear in the new states; federalists and enemies of federalists. In this paper two principle subjects of enthusiasm for every one of the gatherings will be talked about, the job that administration ought to have as indicated by the varying perspectives and the subject of international strategy.      The job of government as an as indicated by the Federalists They bolster a more grounded central government. They felt that individuals can't oversee themselves and that a country must have an approach to dispose of obligations. Federalists likewise accepted that lone a solid focal government can guarantee states support as a rule decent. Along these lines portrayal is conveyed all the more similarly a solitary official can oversee superior to different administrators. They felt government gives normal resistance, brings income up in time of war, and manages different countries more adequately than a confederation. Federalists were good and grasped the refined and propertied gatherings. They lived in settled regions along the seaboard, not in the crude boondocks. They were in standpoint rather intently likened to the traditionalist Loyalist gathering of Revolutionary days. In any case, by outstanding Loyalists it helped them in the endorsement. Federalists emphatically bolstered the Constitution. Enemies of federalists were frightened by the nonappearance of a bill of rights. Federalists guaranteed them it would be included by change. Federalists accepted that the three parts of government-authoritative, legal and official successfully speak to the individuals.      Anti-federalists, then again, contradicted the more grounded government. The felt states had rights, which the focal government took steps to stomp on. In their eyes the constitution is a domineering archive without a Bill of Rights. The constitution allowed a lot of control over tax collection to the Federal government. The counter federalists has solid assessments when it went to the branches on the government. Congress ought not have the ability to interfere in the business of the states. The government lawmaking body is planned as a blue-blooded establishment, resolved to take the political privilege of the individuals. The Anti-federalists comprised fundamentally, however not just, of the states' privileges enthusiasts, the backwoods tenants, the one-horse farmers,... ...primary supporters of the gathering were affluent and notable, and in this way would have the option to climate clashes with outside nations. II.     Federalist Party position’s sway on country A.     Washington and Adams were initial two Presidents and additionally Federalists (in spite of the fact that Washington to some degree lesser degree); in this way their activities were those of the Federalist Party and furthermore the first significant activities of the country in quite a while. III.     Democratic-Republican position A.     Wanted to settle with French and British, due to America’s absence of a solid military. B.     Overall defense: America wasn’t a force to be reckoned with, and in this manner it was a helpless plan to incite Britain and France. Additionally, war would have an amazingly negative impact on the ranchers and vendors which made up the gathering. IV.     Democratic-Republican position’s sway on country Voting public of gathering were utilized in the errands of the greater part of the country (cultivating, mercantilism, and so forth.) Thus, the interests of most of the residents appeared to be with the Democratic-Republicans.

Promoting A New Grooming Product For Men Marketing Essay

Advancing A New Grooming Product For Men Marketing Essay To have the option to harvest achievement in the field of business where rivalry is exceptionally intense, there is a developing requirement for associations to give and devote extraordinary consideration in the assessment and execution of their advertising blend, explicitly in the part of advancements which manages measures and practices coordinated towards expanding the business sectors attention to the presence of the item. The component of advancement is significant particularly for organizations which are simply beginning in the market or for items which are simply in the presentation stage. A decent limited time crusade will empower the organization to build up a name and to set up review since they are only new in the market. This will build the familiarity with people in general in regards to the presence of the item and will thusly create income for the organization over the long haul (Kurtz et al, 2007). It is unquestionable that the here and now holds a striking development in the achievement of individual consideration or prepping items for men which were presented in the market. Vanity is not, at this point restrictive to ladies as the showcasing pattern these days recommends with the rise of different prepping items which takes into account the particular needs and necessities of the male market. This market holds a solid potential for income age as the market fragment expanded and proceeded with its never-ending development (Neff, 2010). To be parcel to showcase mens preparing items, one explicit viewpoint which needs exceptional consideration would promote. It has been noted in the past that promoting shows huge impact on the development of the item in the market, particularly for new items, as it impels review and mindfulness among the intended interest group. For prepping items for men, one of the best would be tri-media promotion wherein essential publicizing medium will be utilized including TV, radio, and print advertisements. For TV, a business will be publicized with the focal subject of advancing mens preparing items, making vanity not selective to ladies, focusing on the male crowd as it passes on a message which accept the developing requirement for the male market to more readily deal with themselves so they can look and feel much improved. The focal subject of the tri-media ads would be expanding the certainty of the male market by looking great through the assistance of new prepping items. To have the o ption to expand the foreseen reach of this business, a solid big name endorser will likewise be utilized. It must be recollected that the prepping item is new that is the reason it has a huge should be supported by solid and realized that endorsers will generally have the option to effectively advance and tap its objective market. The business will show the VIP endorser utilizing the new preparing items, as he puts stock in its viability and productivity, and will incorporate his tribute in regards to the advantages which men will get from utilizing such items. Besides, to have the option to target male who doesn't sit in front of the TV by any means, advertisements will likewise be publicized through significant radio broadcasts. The ads which will be delivered for radio will be centered around tributes from anticipated clients about the prepping items and support of utilization while attempting to persuade increasingly male this new preparing item is an unquestionable requirement attempt. The radio advertisements will be useful particularly to target guys who are consistently in a hurry and the individuals who tune in to the radio while driving their vehicles to work or to any place they will be going. In conclusion, to have the option to finish the components of tri-media promotions, there will likewise be print advertisements which will be dissipated in significant spots where the market socioeconomics mirrors the objective market profile of the new preparing items. The showcase of these print promotions will at present be useful in creating review and mindfulness particularly in the event that they are posted on places in the objective market of the preparing items is continually staying or cruising by. To have the option to arrive at a greater amount of the items target showcase, occasion sponsorship will likewise be thought about as a methods for publicizing, as expanding the degree of familiarity with the general population in regards to the new preparing items for men. The occasions which will be focused for advancements or sponsorship will incorporate those in which the principle members are men. This could incorporate occasions, for example, design appear for mens attire and other men items. During such occasions, there will be organization corners which will be introduced in the scene and will be kept an eye on by a lot of promodizers. Flyers with respect to the item subtleties and advantages of use will likewise be appropriated to have the option to spread data. Besides, there will likewise be free item tests in preliminary packs so the objective market can have the option to attempt it with the expectations that it could prompt tedious buys so as to pick up income for the b usiness. So as to accomplish greatest outcomes for occasion sponsorships, it must be guaranteed that solitary occasions with huge participation from the objective populace will be thought of. Also, the intensity of the web as a successful showcasing apparatus ought not be dismissed in the execution of the advancements blend for the new preparing items for men. A generally enormous number of populaces in the whole market approach the web and educated about its utilization. Along these lines, showcasing endeavors ought to be likewise guided towards the use of web to advance the new items. To beginning of, the organization will fabricate its own one of a kind corporate site. In building the site, the objective market must be thought of. Most male web clients need direct data and straight forward execution as opposed to the bubbly kind of sites. Consequently, the web architecture ought to be moderate all in all and show just data which ae important and critical of the item. The photos and general portrayal of the items will likewise be shown to give the market a picture of what they can anticipate from the product offering. Besides, to have the option to fortify the cases of the item, there will likewise be tributes from clients and endorsers so as to persuade the site guests that they mus attempt and utilize the said items. Ultimately, the site will include an intelligent feed where there could be correspondence between the guests and the chairmen to answer their questions and furthermore to promotion a bit of personalization and collaboration in the site. In addition, advertising must not be likewise gotten rid of while considering advancement methodologies for the new line of preparing items fro men. In is in every case essential to keep up a decent connection with general society to be bunch to be guaranteed that they will belittle the items and use them over the long haul. It is consistently significant for the organization to keep up an open picture to be bundle to make them mindful of its training. Some portion of the advertising proportion of the organization will be to be progressively noticeable according to people in general, explicitly to it target showcase, by setting up a progression of occasions and item dispatches which will incorporate the endorsers and the genuine examples of the items. These item dispatches will have the option to enable the organization to build up open relationship and simultaneously will set as a methods for advancement for the prepping items.

Comparitive Politics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparitive Politics - Assignment Example In Comparative Politics, there are two center methodologies; the territory examines and the cross-national methodology. The cross-national methodology in Comparative Politics manages the investigation of numerous country states to address certain hypothetical inquiries that apply extensively. In this methodology, the devices utilized as a rule include exact information exposed to quantitative examination. The zone contemplates strategy puts more accentuation on inside and out examination inside a particular district or the outskirts of a specific nation. With this methodology, the fundamental instruments, much of the time, includes the scientist drenching himself into the way of life and language of the area under investigation. It is critical to contemplate states on the grounds that their capacity faces impressive dangers from developing interconnections and interdependencies and universal understandings and game plans. These dangers limit the capacity of states to control their individual issues. These dangers incorporate worldwide partnerships, non-legislative associations and bodies working on a worldwide scale. This is obvious from the ascent of fear mongering and different indecencies, which are not limited to nations any more. Be that as it may, states hold the force and duty to secure their residents and attempt other national obligations by prudence of including incomparable force inside their purviews. States are as yet significant, in this manner shaping the purpose of flight and center for relative way to deal with government and legislative issues. Near Politics has six principle draws near: Institutionalism, Systems hypothesis, Governance, Marxism, Structural functionalism, Institutionalism an d Corporatism. Institutional examination frames the premise of Comparative Politics (Caramani, 2). Similar Politics is a science since it is guided by different hypotheses (Caramani, 25). Alasdair MacIntyre first brought up the issue of the chance of Comparative Politics being a science. The conclusion he gave in his investigation was that there was

Methods And Models Of Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Techniques And Models Of Critical Thinking - Essay Example Basic reasoning is viably utilized in the dynamic procedure and assists with evacuating question. It includes having a target to accomplish and the trial of whether that goal is being accomplished or not structure the control standards. Another definition is proposed by Halpern (1996): Basic reasoning is the utilization of those psychological abilities and systems that expansion the likelihood of an attractive result intentional, contemplated and objective coordinated - the sort of speculation associated with taking care of issues, figuring deductions, ascertaining probabilities, and deciding (McGuiness, 2004). When all is said in done, choices include the future and include decision, thusly, they can not be right. The point to consider is, who settles on choices in an association, and what are the measures in designating a few choices to subordinates These inquiries can be replied by discovering those choices where the odds of being off-base are high and the expense of revision is enormous: these would then be able to be held for top administration. Lower positions would be permitted to choose where there was more sureness of being right and the expense of amendment is low. Numerous choices are made by administrators from a specific number of components they have thought of. The truth is that there may, actually, be a lot more factors obscure to them that they ought to have thought of. Examination (in light of basic intuition) of choices and their potential outcomes can be helped by strategies and the utilization of likelihood hypothesis. It might be valuable to see choices as far as frame works hypothesis. Any decision that initiates stream, or changes in the stream rate, is a choice (McGuiness, 2004). The principle advantage of basic reasoning is that it permits directors to take care of complex issues and to comprehend the results of the choice. Rates are the place the activity is, for example what happens between levels in a framework.

Obasan Internment Camps Transfer of Values

How the Japanese Internment Camps Disrupted the Transfer of Values One of the darkest periods in Canadian history emphatically rotates around the Second World War and the internment of Canadian-Japanese residents. â€Å"Obasan,† a novel by Joy Kogawa, investigates the internment of Canadian residents of Japanese drop through Naomi Nakane, a thirty-multi year old teacher, and her family. The tale narratives the life of Naomi, giving numerous points of view from various pieces of her life, starting with her life as an adolescent and her direct involvement in the Japanese internment camps.The Japanese internment camps disturbed the exchange of qualities between the three ages, the Issei, Nisei, and Sansei, by isolating families. This partition happens explicitly in â€Å"Obasan,† through Naomi and Stephen, their dad and uncle, just as Naomi, her mom and Obasan. The three ages talked about in â€Å"Obasan† are the Issei, Nisei, and Sansei. The Issei are Canadian occu pants conceived or brought up in Japan. Aya Obasan is generally illustrative of the Issei in the novel. The offspring of Issei, brought up in Canada, are called Nisei. The Nisei investigated in this novel incorporate Naomi’s mother, father, and Naomi’s auntie, Emily.Finally, the Sansei, offspring of Nisei who are brought up in Canada, comprise of Naomi and Stephen, her sibling. Each of the three of these ages have various encounters, conventions, and qualities, went down from age to age. These qualities and conventions were upset in Canada during and after WWII due to Japanese internment camps. The partition of the Sansei age, Stephen and Naomi, and the Nisei, in light of the Japanese internment camps, had an extraordinary effect on the disturbance of transference of qualities. The dad of Stephen and Naomi, Mark, was isolated from them for a huge bit of their childhood.This detachment, because of the internment camps, lead to the Sansei age passing up such qualities as authority, or quality. Rather, Mark concentrated on attempting to keep consistency, a typical worth, in the Sansei generation’s lives, showed through the accompanying citation: â€Å"We’ve got notification from Mark . . . All he considers are Stephen’s music lessons† (Kogawa 113). This selection from the content shows that Mark is attempting to, notwithstanding the partition of the two by the internment camps, keep consistency in Stephen’s life by empowering his melodic studies.Naomi likewise is denied of characteristic qualities typically went down through ages, due to the Japanese internment camps. A worth a kid may acquire from their folks is difficult work. This difficult work would be imparted upon the various ages through family schedules around the house. These family schedules were continually hindered by Naomi’s families’ steady evacuating just as the unnatural living they encountered in the fierce internment camps. One ende avor at ingraining difficult work in the Sansei around the house, however fleeting, happens in Slocan.This difficult work is shown in the accompanying extract: â€Å"[Stephen] and Uncle cooperate and . . . A vegetable nursery, blossoms, a yard, and a chicken coop with a few chickens show up. † (Kogawa 149). Difficult work was likewise a worth gone down from age to age through instruction and school. Tutoring was missing in the lives of the Sansei for more than two years in view of the Japanese internment camps: â€Å"Until May 1943, when we initially go to class, Stephen and I have no formal studies† (Kogawa 149).The Nakane’s, in spite of the hardships they looked in the Japanese internment camps, made a valiant, and viable, exertion to move the qualities from various ages to Naomi and Stephen. A worth significant in Japanese culture is astuteness. In spite of the fact that the internment camps have isolated the families, explicitly Naomi and Stephen from their folks, values are still moved from other relatives. On page 150, Uncle is seen showing the youngsters which wild nourishments are protected and which are not, appeared through this citation: â€Å"He gives us which ones we are to pick . . . Under the overhang, Uncle says, if the mushrooms are white, they are bad. † (Kogawa 150). This citation shows the exchange of intelligence from Issei to Sansei, an exchange of qualities that, without the Japanese internment camps, would have been moved by the Nisei age, explicitly Naomi and Stephen’s mother and father. In September 1941, Naomi’s mother ventures out back to Japan to deal with Obaa-chan, her weak grandma, with vows to Naomi to come back to Canada soon (Kogawa 72). Not long after, the shelling of Pearl Harbor happens, leaving the entire mainland of North America in dread and shock.With limitations set up on the development of the Japanese-Canadians, Naomi’s mother can't return. With the nonattendance of h er mom, Naomi passes up the qualities her mom would have given to her. Naomi rather depends on Obasan to become familiar with her qualities in the internment camps. Since Obasan is Issie, there is a hole between her age and Naomi. This hole incorporates Naomi embracing Japanese qualities and conventions, instead of the Japanese-Canadian qualities she would gain from her mom. For instance, on page 138, Naomi is educated to not be â€Å"wagamama,† or childish and impolite, by Obasan (Kogawa).This instructing exhibits the disturbance the internment camps had on move of qualities, constraining Naomi to depend on Obasan to learn fundamental beliefs instead of her mom or father. Obasan shows Naomi other significant qualities, similar to graciousness and liberality. Obasan and Naomi are going on a train when Obasan sees a lady, who as of late brought forth an infant, which has no things. Obasan shows thoughtfulness and liberality, relinquishing a portion of her nourishment for the l ady and child, firmly impacting Naomi and showing her significant qualities: â€Å"Obasan gives me an orange from a wicker crate and signals . . â€Å"For the baby,† Obasan says encouraging me† (Kogawa 121). This exchange of qualities from Obasan to Naomi, however gapping ages, creates a prompt impact. On a similar train ride, Naomi mirrors her auntie: â€Å"In an attack of liberality I take my ball and offer it to Stephen. â€Å"You can keep it,†Ã¢â‚¬  (Kogawa 124). All through â€Å"Obasan,† Aya surpasses the job of mother, and obviously moves esteems from her age to the Sansei’s in the most ideal manner she can. In the last investigation, â€Å"Obasan† gives an inside and out glance at the Japanese internment camps and the impacts these camps had on the Japanese-Canadian people.By isolating families, the Japanese internment camps disturbed the exchange of qualities between the three ages, the Issei, Nisei, and Sansei. This division, in â€Å"Obasan,† explicitly includes the mother, father, uncle, and Obasan of Stephen and Naomi. It’s genuinely astounding, and a demonstration of the caring Nakane’s, that Stephen and Naomi developed to be such fruitful people. Works Cited Kogawa, Joy. Obasan. Lester and Orpen Dennys Ltd. , 1981. Print.

MeisterTaskers Say Hello To Recurring Tasks - Focus

MeisterTaskers Say Hello To Recurring Tasks - Focus And say goodbye to creating the same task over and over again. The moment you have all been waiting for has finally arrived. We heard you loud and clear. All those feature requests weren’t for naught! We came through for you. You know what they say, good things come to those who wait. Well, we are excited to officially announce that MeisterTask has just launched its most requested feature of all time… drumroll please recurring tasks!  It’s up and running and ready to use! Recurring Tasks So, we all have a few todos that need to be done more than once. It’s just part of the job. Whether it be following up on unpaid invoices at the end of every month, putting the company newsletter together, or maybe even sending out the minutes of the weekly departmental meeting â€" not letting repetitive tasks slip through the cracks can be difficult, especially during stressful times. Stay on top of this by marking these tasks as recurring within your MeisterTask project. A recurring task is simply an automation, a part of your workflow that you configure to take place automatically. It’s a task that needs to be created once, but in such a way that it can be repeated automatically. After you’ve created your task, all you need to do is set the repeat cycle then go about your business as usual. Once you’ve created a recurring task, a new task will be automatically created according to the repeat cycle you’ve set. This saves you time, saves you from forgetting to do something important and also saves you the trouble of doing it all again from scratch. How To Create a Recurring Task Because recurring tasks are in fact automations, they can be found in MeisterTask under automations. You can configure your recurring task automation by going to any section within your project and opening up the context menu (1) from the section header then clicking on Automations  (2) and then selecting Add Automation (3). You can also access Automations from your Project Properties. Select Recurring Task from the Add Automation menu. Then, click on Add Template. This will open up your recurring task template. Fill this out as you would your normal task, but bear in mind, this is the task you want to set as recurring. In other words the main task that you want to be repeated. From here, you can easily assign the task to the person responsible, set a due date (e.g. due 7 days after the task is created), add tags, watchers and attachments. You can also create checklists that you can check off as you complete sub-tasks. Click on Save template once you’ve completed this. document.createElement('video'); https://focus.meisterlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Recurring-Tasks-video.-blog-SMALL-mp4.mp4 Then comes the good part â€" setting the frequency of how often you would like the task to recur, for example: weekly every Friday or the last day of every month. Go wild and set a recurring task for your quarterly review or releasing your annual report, the sky’s the limit. Select the starting date and Done. Voila! Bob’s your uncle, you’ve officially created a new recurring task. Go forth and repeat. MeisterTaskers Say Hello To Recurring Tasks - Focus And say goodbye to creating the same task over and over again. The moment you have all been waiting for has finally arrived. We heard you loud and clear. All those feature requests weren’t for naught! We came through for you. You know what they say, good things come to those who wait. Well, we are excited to officially announce that MeisterTask has just launched its most requested feature of all time… drumroll please recurring tasks!  It’s up and running and ready to use! Recurring Tasks So, we all have a few todos that need to be done more than once. It’s just part of the job. Whether it be following up on unpaid invoices at the end of every month, putting the company newsletter together, or maybe even sending out the minutes of the weekly departmental meeting â€" not letting repetitive tasks slip through the cracks can be difficult, especially during stressful times. Stay on top of this by marking these tasks as recurring within your MeisterTask project. A recurring task is simply an automation, a part of your workflow that you configure to take place automatically. It’s a task that needs to be created once, but in such a way that it can be repeated automatically. After you’ve created your task, all you need to do is set the repeat cycle then go about your business as usual. Once you’ve created a recurring task, a new task will be automatically created according to the repeat cycle you’ve set. This saves you time, saves you from forgetting to do something important and also saves you the trouble of doing it all again from scratch. How To Create a Recurring Task Because recurring tasks are in fact automations, they can be found in MeisterTask under automations. You can configure your recurring task automation by going to any section within your project and opening up the context menu (1) from the section header then clicking on Automations  (2) and then selecting Add Automation (3). You can also access Automations from your Project Properties. Select Recurring Task from the Add Automation menu. Then, click on Add Template. This will open up your recurring task template. Fill this out as you would your normal task, but bear in mind, this is the task you want to set as recurring. In other words the main task that you want to be repeated. From here, you can easily assign the task to the person responsible, set a due date (e.g. due 7 days after the task is created), add tags, watchers and attachments. You can also create checklists that you can check off as you complete sub-tasks. Click on Save template once you’ve completed this. document.createElement('video'); https://focus.meisterlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Recurring-Tasks-video.-blog-SMALL-mp4.mp4 Then comes the good part â€" setting the frequency of how often you would like the task to recur, for example: weekly every Friday or the last day of every month. Go wild and set a recurring task for your quarterly review or releasing your annual report, the sky’s the limit. Select the starting date and Done. Voila! Bob’s your uncle, you’ve officially created a new recurring task. Go forth and repeat.

A Phenomenon Of Renaissance - Free Essay Example

One recalls the not-so distant polemics around the place of Islam in the European Renaissance. What if Europe did not owe its knowledge to Islam? Many historians reject the idea that the science of the Greeks has been transmitted to the West by the Muslim world. Contrary to the crescendo that has been repeated since the 1960s, European culture, in its history and development, has much to do with Islam. The division of the world between the West and the East goes back to ancient Greece, and for a thousand years, it has played out an eternal confrontation between two conceptions of the world. During the Middle Ages, two civilizations faced each other. One mixed Greek heritage with the message of the Gospels, the scientific spirit rooted in a religious tradition of which the Church was the guarantor. The other was the daughter of the Book of God, the Uncreated Book. It was primarily moored to its central axis, the Quran. And it is, of course, in France that the Renaissance appeared. It represented for this nationalist historian a break with the dark age of the Middle Ages, a victory of the ideas of Reason, Truth, Art and Beauty. The Renaissance is truly the definitive portrait of an Italian phenomenon of the fifteenth century. This therefore allowed the creation of the modern individual characterized by the revival of classical culture. This vision shaped our imagination and led us to understand the Renaissance not as a historical period but as a spirit that seems to define more the ideal of these intellectuals for the nineteenth century than the historical reality. One of the problems with these classical definitions of Renaissance is that they celebrate the achievements of European civilization to the exclusion of all others, especially where laws applied to guard humanity (Code of Hammurabi). Introducing The Persian Empire as a celebrated culture, because of its particularly intelligent way in governing. Each province was governed to the nine, which is perfectly reflected in how Hammurabi sought to keep his law down to each detail, â€Å"These judgments of righteousness did Hammurabi the mighty king confirm, and caused the land to take on a sure government and a beneficent rule (Code of Hammurabi 3). Driven by success, organized and logically placed governance set the stage for western society to take after. The Persian government system further created social as well as political examples for empires that would later rise into society. Beginning with the greatest empire yet, the Persian Empire, King Cyrus began expanding the boundaries of Persia into the neo-Babylonian empire – one of the greatest early western civilizations. Through expanding its boundaries, the Persians focused on increasing trade throughout their kingdom. The Persian Empire became an extraordinary empire that was multi-lingual, multi-faith, and carried much political loyalty. By standardizing weights, officiating coinage, and implementing societal laws, the Persians opened doors to opposing nations and beyond. It is not a coincidence that the period in which the term, Renaissance, was invented was also the moment in history when Europe proclaimed with the greatest aggressiveness its imperialist domination of the globe. Translated in English, in On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy, Ibn Rushd introduced the idea that philosophy works together with religion to develop the notion of a synthesis of faith and reason. This Islamic philosophy heavily influenced the west and further suggested the idea that God exists independent of bible. Until the eighth century, Greek philosophy was seen with great suspicion. Conservative thinkers in the west explicitly believed that scripture, like the bible, was the only proof of the relationship between God and his creation. Western thinkers were unable to see the study of philosophy, where reason is understood as the standard for themes like morality and religion. Faith and reason are heavily dependent on sacred writings backed by a theoretical rationa le. Inspired by this philosophy, the west gained the idea that you did not have to be Christian to have a conception of God. The concept that it is vital that you account your own journey of faith, because â€Å"it is necessary for one who wants to know God as He ought to be known to acquaint himself with the essence of things, so that he may get information about the creation of all things† (Ibn Rushd). This was the dawn of the philosophical idea that inspired thinkers like St. Thomas Aquinas to believe that faith comes after reason, and further faith enables a person to understand what couldn’t be understood through the previous theories of religion alone. The exchanges with the Ottoman Empire, however, have profoundly changed the tastes and possibilities in the west of the continent and contributed to the birth of the modern world. Oriental imports covered a wide range of products, from cotton spices, satin carpets, tulips to porcelain and horses, pigments, and so on. The palette of painters has also been enlarged and brought to the paintings of the Renaissance the bright blue and red that characterize them. It is the Arab and Islamic trade practices that have spread, and imposed the Indo-Arab figures, the use of the comma the signs of addition (+), subtraction (-) and multiplication ( x). Not only objects from the east that were shown on the paintings (including inscriptions in Arabic on the Virgins clothes), but also the painters themselves. A case in point is the many artists who went to Istanbul and reported motifs inspired by Ottoman and Persian traditions. The flows in the scientific field, especially from East to West, were no less dense. Even the fall of Constantinople in 1453 was seen with moderation by many Christians. The period of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was, therefore, that of a tremendous commercial and financial boom, a breathtaking dynamism of which all the protagonists were aware. It was the breeding ground of humanism that was part of that era in which enrichment, power and greed were glorified. The very practical concerns of humanists are brought to light by the Italian writer Petrarch, who advocated both the personal quest for philosophical truth and the practical ability to operate effectively in society through rhetoric and persuasion. Montesquieu was a French writer that voiced his strong opinions about the Parisian society through the Persian Letters. This series of 161 letters reveals the true jealousy and wit the French had towards the Persians during the late eighteenth century. True criticism is revealed within the letters, as concise and clear statements are made to express the Europeans’ high grade of self-esteem. From the western point of view, people thought â€Å"[The King of France] has often been heard to say that of all the governments of the world, that of the Turks or that of our own august sultan pleased him most, so greatly he affected the oriental style of politics† (Montesquieu 1). The text, thereafter, criticizes Middle Eastern society in their ways of politics, culture, religion, and social structure. The so-called cultural domination over non-Western people forever inspires the future of the West to live up to these unrighteous virtues of superiority. Montesquieu therefore is t he initial culprit of Western thought of domination over foreign countries – in this case, the Middle East. The deeply rooted culture of western world is considerably thought to be original and ever so inspired by their earliest civilizations. Many unfortunately look past the Middle East’s incredible sciences, math, social conduct, great thinkers, scholars, and innovations. Orientalism, an idea introduced by Edward Siad, truly transformed the vision of the relationship between the West and East. Understanding that western culture was to believe that the Middle East was essentially timeless, further helps us understand that this was just a faà §ade. Through the exchange of ideas through conquest and trade, we are now able to grasp that notion the west acquired great inspiration from the Middle East.

Socio- Cultural Issue and Education - 1249 Words

Final Paper Socio- Cultural issue and education Education gives us knowledge of the world around us. Education is not only about what we learn in our textbook as students but about the lessons we learn from those text books. It helps students develop a perspective on how to look at life. Education is the basic foundation for every one. It is instrumental in the development of our values and virtues. The future of our nation is safe in the hands of educated individuals, which is why they say â€Å"our children are our future†. Education is attached to everything that happens in this nation. In schools, students are taught languages, mathematics, science, history and a number of other subjects. They get to participate in sports†¦show more content†¦This puts them at a disadvantage, when compared to the students who go to some good private schools. It’s sad to have to put it that way but it’s the truth. The socioeconomic status of the parent has a lot to do with this. APA states â€Å"Low SES an d its correlates, such as lower education, poverty, and poor health, ultimately affect our society as a whole, in particular, America’s children. Children in the United States face one of the highest rates of poverty within the industrialized world.† If a parent spends hours at work to make ends meet then that takes away from parent involvement in home assignments. The parents also influence on the attitude the child brings to school and how important school is to the student. The values of school start at home, if a parent doesn’t believe that school is important factor in an adult’s life then that rubs off on the student, they carry that same attitude about school. Economic hardships manifest a number of challenges. From having a stable home, basic needs to medical care, all these things create challenges for students and teachers as well. This goes to show how easily students who come from poverty have a higher chance of not finishing school and facing many obstacles while in school making it so much more difficult for them. Since students have become much moreShow MoreRelatedSocio-cultural Assessment1369 Words   |  5 PagesSocio-cultural assessment is realising and understanding the way a child responds to challenges and change. Their responses and perceptions are based on the world in which they live. Their understanding of the world comes from the values and beliefs of the adults, community, socio-economic status, education and culture that surround them. (Mooney, 2000). When making an assessment on an individual child it is necessary to consider the background and culture in which they exist. Berger (2005), statesRead MoreEducation, Change, and Society1305 Words   |  6 PagesEDUCATION, CHANGE AND SOCIETY ASSIGNMENT 2 – ESSAY Success, achievement and participation at school are not simply a matter of intelligence or ability. Discuss this statement with reference to the concepts of cultural capital, hidden curriculum, class and socioeconomic status. Since the beginning of education there have been many forms, which have been passed on from one generation to the next. Over the years education has evolved and is now seen as the education system all over the world. Read MoreEradication of Sociocultural Barriers in Underpriviledged Countries916 Words   |  4 PagesConvention was conducted in order to highlight the fact that it is very important to understand and eradicate socio-cultural differences in underprivileged countries for providing children a healthy environment for grooming their personalities. The convention concluded that discrimination, stereotypes and abuse are some of the negative outcomes of socio-cultural differences. There are evident cultural differences in parenting among different states of Nigeria. Many case studies have concluded the fact thatRead MoreEarly Childhood Education Is Supplying The Children s Marketplace During Identity Development858 Words   |  4 Pageswith tools aimed towards giving students an education. Along with a degree is a copy of the Australian Curriculum ([AC], 2015) and the Early Years Learning Framework ([EYLF], 2015); however, what is important for the educator to perceive is that an important part of early childhood education is supplying the children’s ‘marketplace’ during identity development. According to Siraj-Blatchford and Clarke (2004, p. 23) the effects of gender, culture and socio economic status overlap with other formativeRead MoreToronto Is A City Of Many Cultures And Ethnicities1149 Words   |  5 Pagesclasses and races in work, in education and in life. In fact, according to the chapter â€Å"Gap Between Rich and Poor† in Toronto’s Vital Signs, income inequality is growing faster here than in other cities in Canada and this affects everyone in Toronto (2015). Toronto now can be divided into three areas by neighbourhood average income or by different races’ aggregation, and this is something that people in Toronto should be worried about (Toronto’s Vital Signs, 2015). Socio-spatial division couldRead MoreParental Involvement And Children Academic Success Essay825 Words   |  4 PagesChildren Academic Success Research Paper Sociological Bases of Education The Context: In my twenty plus years of teaching in both the public and private school and dealing with hundreds of parents and students and watching the effects of parental involvement on student success. Parent involvement has been shown to have positively influenced children’s education; however, many parents do not get involved in their child’s education, especially in middle school and high school. That is why I decidedRead MoreSchool Curriculum And The Early Years Learning Framework972 Words   |  4 Pagesacknowledge issues of diversity and difference and know how to approach these issues. There are two key documents that guide educators in their planning and implementation of curriculum; The Australian Curriculum and The Early Years Learning Framework. Using these two documents to create learning programs, educators must enact an inclusive curriculum that empowers all students, regardless of differences. For educators to understand and address issues of diversity and differences such as socio-economicRead MoreThe International Migration Of Nurses1116 Words   |  5 Pagessecurity, and professional development, so, nursing profession is considered to be a mob ile profession (Kingma, 2007). As international nurse migration has affected the whole world one way or the other, it has become a national as well as a global issue. Studies show that most of the developed and industrialized countries are confronting a critical shortage of nurses in the recent decades (Walani, 2015). Those countries, including Canada, are recruiting Internationally Educated Nurses (IENs) to meetRead MoreA Student s Cultural Capital Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesA student’s cultural capital will have an impact on their education. It will either be positive or it can be negative for the child. In this essay I will explain the idea of cultural capital and then use it to analyse the impact it has had on education in different settings. The first educational setting I will discuss is a story called Butterflies, written by Patricia Grace (2002), and the second being the contrast in education between high and low decile schools in New Zealand. This essay willRead MoreAn Educator Who Understands Issues Of Diversity And Difference976 Words   |  4 PagesAn educator who understands issues of diversity and difference will make the classroom a more enriching environment for all of the students in it, and will ensure those students who are adversely affected by such diversity and difference are given the opportunity and encouragement to overcome challenges they face. Socio-economic disadvantage among students has an impact in the classroom in terms of the ability of a child to gain an understanding of the knowledge and skills required to be a successful

Descartes, Berkeley, And God - 5780 Words

Descartes, Berkeley, and God There are conflicting views between philosophers of the modern era pertaining to the existence of God. Even further, many of these philosophers who share the opinion that God does in fact exist also have opposing views as to how that affects their world view. For example, Descartes’s narrator, in the fifth meditation comes to the conclusion, that God, an almighty benevolent being, is no deceiver, and holds all perfection. Within this system, the narrator attributes all things of the physical world to be material, although Descartes believes that some things are not of matter (i.e. soul or mind). Conversely, Berkeley, whom also is a believer of God’s existence, believes that there is no material world or sensible realm without mind. That through God, the sensible is excited within us and although he, like Descartes narrator, does not believe the Author of Our Creation deceives us. Thus even without matter, the regularities of our lives are no accident and have purpose. It is through analyzation of these two texts that I intend to find correlations and differences between Descartes and Berkeley s epistemology in order to ascertain the difference in their world views of dualism (Descartes) and immaterialism (Berkeley), particularly pertaining to their belief in God. For the sake of reference, an individual analysis of both philosophers will be established in order to make the differences of each system moreShow MoreRelatedDescartes And Berkeley s Beliefs On The Source Of Human Knowledge1155 Words   |  5 PagesIn this paper, I will compare and contrast Descartes’ and Berkeley’s beliefs on the source of human knowledge and how it relates to their definitions of absolute truth. According to Descartes, the source of human knowledge is found only through thinking, because our senses deceive us. Absolute truth, for Descartes, is objective fact established through deductive reasoning. Berkeley, on the ot her hand, believes that human knowledge originates from perception and that absolute fact is one’s perceptionsRead MoreKant vs Aristotle1314 Words   |  6 Pagesrespectively. Under these traditions many well known philosophers have formed their own theories of God, existence and the material world. Through these individual theories I will show how each fits into the category of either Rationalist or Imperialist. The Plutonian philosophers to be discussed will include Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. And the Aristotelian philosophers will include Locke, Berkeley and Hume. Plato, a philosopher of the 17th century, contended that Opinion at its best is a matterRead MoreDescartes And Berkeley s Philosophy958 Words   |  4 Pageseverything I see is an illusion? Philosopher Rene Descartes addressed the question in his meditations. He had distinct ideas concerning reality and illusion. Descartes believed in â€Å"Cartesian Dualism† - a relationship between the body and mind. In his meditations, he goes through the process of discarding all of his previously held beliefs and reevaluating them. However, some philosophers - such as George Berkeley disagreed with Descartes. Berkeley believed that there is only the mind. He believedRead MoreAnalysis Of Descartes s The Meditations Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesOur Ability to Perceive In the Meditations, Descartes abandons his views about everything he knows in the world. During this he discusses the idea of senses relying on the mind rather than the body. The role of senses is shown through his demonstration of the wax example and the ever changing properties the wax entailed. â€Å"The perception I have of it is a case not of vision or touch or imagination†¦but purely of mental scrutiny.† (Descartes 31) To Descartes, the senses were deceiving and could not beRead MorePhi 2010 Essay712 Words   |  3 PagesExplain and evaluate Rene Descartes’ views on knowledge. Rene Descartes believed that reason is a gift of humans and that knowledge can be directly obtained not from books but only through the application of reason. Because Rene Descartes believed that every human possesses the â€Å"natural light† of reason, he believed that if he presented all his arguments as logical line of thought, then anyone could understand them. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Explain and evaluate Rene Descartes’ evil demon conjectureRead MorePhilosophy: Do We Have Innate Ideas? Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesDo we have innate ideas? Offer your view with reference to the work of Descartes and Locke I understand the concept of innate ideas alone means ideas that presents our mind at birth. Descartes and Locke both have their own views about innate ideas and their arguments are completely different to each other and the question remain to the human knowledge. Do innate ideas really exist? Descartes does not put experiences to his philosophy like the other philosophers, Bacon and Hobbes. He believes thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy1066 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen a question that has prompted many different answers: what is reality? Among these writers were Renà ¨ Descartes and George Berkeley, who respectively argued that everything perceived must be real due to God being unable to deceive, and that the physical world only exists in one’s mind. In my view, it is not certain that the physical world is real, but one should act as if it is. Renà ¨ Descartes, in Meditations on First Philosophy, wrote each section after successive â€Å"meditations.† In Descartes’sRead MoreDescartes : Mind Over Matter1331 Words   |  6 Pages1018 Professor Crowell Phil 21 22 April 2016 Mind over Matter In his meditations Descartes supposed there was two fundamentally different sorts of substances in the universe, physical stuff, which bodies and chairs etc. are made up of; which is extended in space, hence he called it res extensa, but there’s also mind stuff which isn’t in space at all thinking stuff or, res cogitans. Bodies are made of res extensa and minds are made of res cogitans and the two are separate. To understand why he thoughtRead MoreThe Spread Of Empiricism By Isaac Newton1067 Words   |  5 Pagesthese beliefs. Descartes theory regarding clockwork universe inspired others to further investigate the countless mysteries in nature. By 1687, Isaac Newton developed his Principia Mathematica, which astounded the scientific community. Newton was successful in devising simple principles to describe a massive quantity of occurrences in the natural world, using mathematical laws. Things that were previously credited to divine power could then be examined through human reason. In Descartes works, he derivedRead MoreThe Matrix And Descartes Theory Of Immaterialism Analysis828 Words   |  4 PagesIn reading both the online synopsis of the Matrix, watching the movie, and reading segments of Descartes’ Meditation I, and Berkeley’s Theory of Immaterialism, a multitude of similarities as well as differences between the them have arisen in my observations. The most striking similarity between them is that they question the reality which is being lived in, or attempt to determine what is reali ty, or figure what is being controlled by an outside influence. The main difference between them was the

Analysis Of The Book The Devil Of The White City

The Intrigue of Chaos Part 1: The Devil in the White City is a true crime novel that takes place during the building, during, and aftermath of the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair. There are 2 main narratives,the first is Daniel Burnham, one of the main architects and designers of the World s Fair. This plot line shows the extreme stress that all of the Architects experienced, as the construction was slow to start, slow to build, and was filled with shortages, deaths, and awful communication. The second narrative is centered around H.H. Holmes, one of America’s first notorious serial killers. His narrative takes place in his â€Å"Murder Castle† and shows his complicated history and his numerous credit scams, identity scams, and most importantly,†¦show more content†¦(48 Larson)† Good Literature is what it sounds like it’s good but nothing amazing. It is for example, the Hunger Games, where it is a fun and exciting read, but doesn’t spark a change or awakening. This distinction between good and great is vital to the gradual understanding of what makes the human mind tick. Good literature might be nice for a quick and easy read on the beach, but Great literature or nonfiction will change one’s view point and requires detail and focus to extract its full meaning. Our group established 5 criterions to state what makes great literature. Our first criterion was â€Å"A great book must contain a message that applies to not only those who have experienced situations in the book, but provide perspective to those who have not.† A message that can be understood by numerous groups of people is vital to a great piece of literature. Our second criterion is that in order to teach a lesson it must expose a fault in human nature or in society. Our society is just as flawed as humanity is. Acknowledging these flaws is the first step in overcoming the trials of society and man. Our third criterion is centered ar ound the craftsmanship of the literary work. This can apply to a groundbreaking new approach to narration. Or even complex characters and a unique and individual style (Faulkner.) In summary, the 3rd criterion tries to move past just the message itself, and to focus onShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Devil Of The White City Essay1331 Words   |  6 PagesHaley Triplett Tyler Johnson World History 25 November 2016 The Devil in the White City Non-Fiction Book Report That night that the Titanic sinks, on board the Olympic on April 12, 1912, Daniel Hudson Burnham search mindfully for quite a while at his years arranging the Chicago World s Fair of 1893, held to respect the 400th commemoration of Columbus disclosure of America. In 1890, Chicago is a quickly developing city and needing to substantiate itself something particularly to the moreRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Devil Of The White City : Murder, Magic, And Madness At The Fair2200 Words   |  9 Pagestogether in the turbulent and chaotic environment of Chicago in the late 1800’s. The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America by Erik Larson is a Non-Fiction book, but it gives essential information necessary to understand where the concepts of architectural design and the depraved mind of serial killers began in the U.S.. The book reviews help illuminate the highlights of the book and the balance between good and evil. H.H. Holmes is considered America’s firstRead MoreSummary Of Erik Larson s The Devil s The Red Devil And Where Is The White City1176 Words   |  5 Pages2003 book â€Å"The Devil in the White City†, including a summary, an analysis of the book s structure, and a discussion of the real-life individuals and events at the heart of the story. !!!Who s the Devil, and Where is the White City? When Leonardo DiCaprio and Martin Scorsese team up to make a big-budget movie based on your book, you know you ve arrived. This doesn t happen to most nonfiction authors, but it s happening to Erik Larson, best known for his 2003 book The Devil in the White City:Read MoreThe White City By Erik Larson887 Words   |  4 Pages Erik Larson’s literary nonfiction novel â€Å"The Devil in the White City† surrounds the events of the 1893 Columbian Exposition World’s Fair in Chicago. Larson does a magnificent job intertwining the lives of two men who were changed by the events of the fair. Daniel H. Burnham, the brilliant architect behind the legendary 1893 World s Fair and Dr. H. H. Holmes, the cunning serial killer who used the fair to lure his victims to their death. The purpose of this review is not only to summarize Larson’sRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Devil In The White City764 Words   |  4 PagesDevil in the White City Rhetorical Analysis Essay How can two people be so different, yet so similar? The World’s Columbian Exposition was a major event in the 19th century. The fair was something that’s never been done before in history triumphing the famous Eiffel Tower. As spectacular as the fair was there were murders being committed without any signs of slowing down. The Devil in the White City tells a story between the architect Daniel Burnham and the infamous serial killer H.H. Holmes. 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Cones Martin Malcolm America: A Dream or A Nightmare Martin Malcolm America: A Dream or a Nightmare written by James H. Cone is a book that takes an in depth look at Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, their ties to each other and what they meant to American society. Before the reader can understand why Martin and Malcolm developed such varying views on civil rights, he first discusses the details of the social and economic lifestyles that each Read MoreHonors Literary Analysis : The Time Periods, Geographical Location, Historical / Social Context )1195 Words   |  5 PagesHonors Literary Analysis January 21, 2015 Name: ____Tucker Mason_______ Title: ___________Go set a watchman_____________ Author: __Harper Lee____________ Genre: __Fiction_______ Setting (ANALYZE the time period, geographical location, historical/social context) The setting can best be describe has a quiet rural town in alabama during the 1950s. From the time period we can tell there are still racial tensions. 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Cultural Diversity and the Impossibility of a True...

Cultural Diversity and the Impossibility of a True Melting Pot The core standards of America are founded, in principle, on the basis of its diversity and equality among citizens. Begin- ning with its Declaration of Independence, the United States distinguished itself from other modern nation-states by establishing a country of men who were different but equal. Yet, despite the unifying images America projects within and beyond its borders, the idea behind E Pluribus Unum does not resound as one might assume it would. E Pluribus Unum was originally intended to be both a representation of the union of the thirteen colonies and an expression of the United States as a country formed by immigrants of many different backgrounds.†¦show more content†¦E Pluribus Unum may show the United States to be a country formed of many different cultures, and it may suggest the equality of all people, but even today many people, especially those of non-European ancestry, are often looked upon as secondary or non-citizens and are placed in a socially subservient position. Since September 11, 2001, various communities within the United States seemed to be uniting for a time, despite the differences that typically undermine the original intentions behind E Pluribus Unum. Especially in places such as New York City, which is known world-wide as a mecca of diversity within its tightly confined parameters, people have been embracing each other as people rather than as members of cultures other than their own. But there has been a backlash as well, an increase in violent types of discrimination and prejudice in and near communities of Americans whose descent is Middle Eastern. Many non-Middle Eastern Americans blame all people who appear Middle Eastern as culpable for what happened on September 11. So the attention paid to culture, now, is based on the differences between Middle Eastern cultures and non-Middle Eastern cultures in America. I wanted to explore how American citizens choose, especially after the events of September 11, to deal with cultures found within the United States that differ from their own. I chose to interview two people with strong, contrasting convictions aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Fullness of Time1279 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Pax Romana.† Initiated under Caesar Augustus, this era was a time of cultural and economic growth. â€Å"With its borders secure and a stable central government, the Roman Empire enjoyed a period of prosperity, technological advance, great achievements in the arts, and flourishing trade and commerce.† As the empire widened, imperial power extended throughout the Mediterranean, and Rome became a melting pot. By approximately 212 A.D. all freemen throughout the Roman Empire were grantedRead MorePostmodernism and the Simpsons10775 Words   |  44 Pagesinfluence on Springfield’s most famous citizen, Homer Simpson. Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 4 Postmodernism: Profile of a Cultural Movement ................................................................ 4 Key Terms and Theories of Postmodernism ....................................................................... 6 Critique of Metanarratives in The Simpsons ............Read MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesWorking Cultures and Leaders as Cultural Agents Trust Linking the Themes Introductory Notes on Organisational Analysis Understanding Organisations The Limits of Rationalism Levels of Analysis: The SOGI Model Limitations of the SOGI Model The Individual Level The Group Level The Organisation Level The Society Level Interactions between the Levels Morgan’s Metaphors The Metaphors in Brief The Machine Metaphor The Organic Metaphor The Brain Metaphor Cultural (Anthropological) Metaphor The Poli ticalRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesenvironment? d. Main reasons for environmental problems nowadays 5. Religion a. Religion divides more than it unites b. Religion and politics c. Science and religion 6. Terrorism a. Can terrorism ever be eradicated? 7. Sports a. True purpose of sports nowadays b. Sports and Media 8. Foreign Aid a. How effective is Foreign Aid? 9. Migration a. Is migration/having foreigners good? 10. Subjects a. Literature b. History c. Mathematics d. Universal language

American Correctional Policies Free Essays

The main focus of the juvenile justice systems has always been rehabilitation of the offender. However, this principle has been criticized by some sociologists prompting research activities on the most appropriate method of dealing with juvenile delinquency. Steiner and Wright (2006) carried out a research to determine the effectiveness of tougher penalties on certain cases of juvenile delinquency. We will write a custom essay sample on American Correctional Policies or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to their study, Steiner and Wright the more strict penalties introduced in the late 20th century had no impacts on the rate of juvenile delinquency and recidivism. A similar study by the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2004) indicated that there is no evidence of the effectiveness of the therapeutic foster care intervention programs in dealing with juvenile delinquency. This program was introduced to assists delinquent youths who are unable to live with their parent. However, the program recommended that young people with chronic deviant behaviors should be put under a foster parent who is trained to handle such individuals. Although the findings of the two studies are essential in formulation of correctional policies, it is important to note that both studies do not consider the factors that forced the juvenile to commit the crime before looking at the effectiveness of the programs. There is no doubt that every case of juvenile delinquency should be addressed separately if intervention programs have to be effective. Reference Cocozza, J. Skowyra, K. (2002). â€Å"Youth with mental health disorders: issues and emerging responses. † Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Journal, 7(1), pp 3-13. MMWR (2004) Therapeutic foster care for the prevention of violence: A report on recommendations of the task force on community preventive services, CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53 (RR-10). Steiner, B. , Wright, E. (2006). â€Å"Assessing the relative effects of state direct file waiver laws on violent juvenile crime: Deterrence or irrelevance? † The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 96(4), pp 1451-1477. Part two: Abstract Policies that are geared towards restoration of justice have been common in the criminal justice systems in the United States. These policies have progressively found their way into the juvenile justice systems in many states. These policies are aimed at balancing the interests of the juvenile offenders and the victims of the offences. There are several studies that have been carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of these programs in the juvenile justice systems. This paper is aimed at examining the restorative justice policies in the juvenile justice systems which has concluded that this approach has been adopted by almost all states in the country in the recent past. Reference Pavelka, S. (2008). â€Å"Restorative Juvenile Justice Legislation And Policy: A National Assessment,† International Journal of Restorative Justice, 4(2) pp 100-118 http://www. restorativejustice. org/legislative-assembly/15statutes-cases-regulations-and-recommendations-from-national-regional-and-intergovernmental-bodies/restorative-justice-and-the-law/statutes/restorative-juvenile-justice-legislation-and-policy-a-national-assessement. How to cite American Correctional Policies, Papers

Law Of Trump Developments Ltd Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Law Of Trump Developments Ltd. Answer: Issue Do the directors of the company, Trump Developments Ltd, have any defences against an action by the Australian Securities and Investment (ASIC) or the Australian securities Exchange (ASX)? Rule The facts of the case make it clear that the directors of the company, Trump Developments Ltd, have breached the provisions of the Corporations Act, 2001. Section 180 of the Corporations Act, 2001 stipulates that a director or other officer of a company must act and use his powers in respect of his position with reasonable diligence and care.[1] The directors of the company failed to do so and ran into massive overruns and exhausted all of the companys resources. They also failed to ensure that the developmental works in USA and the Carribean were conducted under a safe environment. Their failure led to the casualty of 3 workmen. Section 181 of the Corporations Act, 2001 lays down that a director of a company should discharge their duties and use their powers in respect of the company for a purpose laid down by the constitution of the company and in good faith keeping the best interests of the company.[2] The facts of the present case make it clear that the directors of Trump Developments Ltd contravened the provisions of this section by investing in development of Casinos in a substantial manner when the companys constitution clearly stated that their primary function would be development of residential apartments. In addition to this, they also amassed foreign investment for their developmental projects, which is in contravention of the constitution of the company. Section 182 of the Corporations Act, 2001 establishes that a director of a company should not use his position to the disadvantage of the company.[3] Big Donald used his position as the Chief Executive Director of the company to invest in Casino Development even though Hillary opposed the idea. Bernie and Little Marco decided to side with Big Donald to prevent another unpleasant confrontation. These events establish that Big Donald used his position to the loss of the company. Section 184 of the Corporations Act, 2001 stipulates that an officer or director of a companys acts shall be treated as an offence if those actions are within the scope of his powers and position in relation to the company and those acts are: Reckless; or Not honest by intention; or Not in good faith and in the corporations best interests; For a purpose that is proper[4] The facts of the case establish that the directors of Trump Developments are in contravention of the above-mentioned provisions. Application In the landmark case of ASIC vs Rich, 2009, the ASIC brought charges of breaching his duty of care that led to the collapse of the One Tel. telecommunications company. The proceedings of this case ran for almost nine years and it was held that the ASIC had failed to prove any of its charges against Mr. Rich and thereby dismissed the case.[5] The only defence that the companys directors have is to plead that their conducts were intended towards the best interests of the corporation (in respect of the companys bankruptcy) as the constitution of the company did not expressly prevent them to enter into developmental works other than residential apartments. In respect of the workmen casualties, the directors may plead that they exercised duty of care to the best of their abilities. Conclusion The only defence left to the directors of Trump Development Ltd., is to plead that their actions were intended keeping the best interests of the company in mind. References ASIC v Rich 635 [7288] Austlii (2017). Retrieved 1 September 2017, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s180.html Austlii (2017). Retrieved 1 September 2017, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s181.html Austlii (2017). Retrieved 1 September 2017, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s182.html Austlii (2017). Retrieved 1 September 2017, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s184.html

Rmsa free essay sample

With the liberalization and globalization of the Indian economy, the rapid changes witnessed in scientific and technological world and the general need to improve the quality of life and to reduce poverty, it is essential that school leavers acquire a higher level of knowledge and skills than what they are provided in the 8 years of elementary education, particularly when the average earning of a secondary school certificate holder is significantly higher than that of a person who has studied only up to class VIII. It is also necessary that besides general education up to secondary level, opportunities for improvement of vocational knowledge and skill should be provided at the higher secondary level to enable some students to be employable. 1. 1. 4. Since universalisation of elementary education has become a Constitutional mandate, it is absolutely essential to push this vision forward to move towards Universalisation of secondary education, which has already been achieved in a large number of developed countries and several developing countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Rmsa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Paras 5. 13 – 5. 15 of the National Policy on Education NPE), 1986 (as modified in 1992) deal with Secondary Education. Para 5. 13 of the NPE, inter- alia, stated that â€Å"Access to Secondary Education will be widened with emphasis on enrolment of girls, SCs and STs, particularly in science, commerce and vocational streams†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Vocationalization through specialized institutions or through the re-fashioning of secondary education will, at this stage, provide valuable manpower for economic growth†. Page 1 of 65 1. 1. 5. Hon’ble Prime Minister in his Independence Day Speech, 2007 has inter-alia stated that, â€Å"We are setting out a goal of universalizing secondary education. This is clearly the nest step after universalizing elementary education. While the goal is laudable much work needs to be done before we are in a position to launch the Scheme for Universalisation of Access for Secondary Education (SUCCESS). Its details need to be quickly spelt out and discussed with States so that we are fully ready to launch it from 2008-09. We must not underestimate the complexity of this task as the principles for universalizing elementary education cannot be easily transferred to secondary education. The physical, financial, pedagogical and human resource needs are quite different. We also need to recognize the role currently being played by the private sector and policy design must factor this in. Detailed strategies and plans would need to be worked out rapidly for each state. Special attention would need to be paid to Districts with SC/ST/OBC/Minority concentrati

Sociology notes Essays

Sociology notes Essays Sociology notes Essay Sociology notes Essay The social structure-education religion, politics 6 basic human emotions Altruism-selfless behavior Colonization Is a learning process that we all go thru Feral children grow up with no colonization Gender Is learned and sex Is biological George Herbert mead- imitation ,play, and game are the 3 stage of the development Social groups- are made up of individuals who share something from physical space to values and morals A group must be 3 or more people Looking glass self -Charles Horton Cooley Primary group cooperative, Intimate, long term relationships Ex-sporting teams, family church The primary group becomes part of your Identity and helps you to develop positive self esteem Secondary groups-large groups that tend to be relatively temporary or formal The reason you are in the group is because off reason, interest, or activity Ex- classes and service fraternities In and out groups in group are groups you feel loyalty to wards out groups are groups you feel antagonistic toward In groups loyalties may Include :America, tutu, sports teams, religious groups Reference groups- the groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves Ex: we compare ourselves to models, movie stars, Celebes, family, friends, etc Max Weber- functionalist, mid-late asses, German -was one of the founders of sociology -came up with the rationalization of society Rotationally Is efficient maximizing your time and abilities This came with the industrialization of society Assembly lines are the human element; it will make things more rational Human inevitably make mistakes and are not efficient He was interested in how to take the human element out of However, the human element is necessary in things like teaching parenting, Bureaucracy -when the humanity is sucked out of a situation and there Is nothing you or anyone else do about It Ex prerequisites for later classes, falling because you didnt study Bureaucracy- rules we have to follow and human element is gone turned in assignment late, get audited because you did not pay your taxes, getting arrested, jury duty, the military Occupational psychosis- what happens to humans when they are forced to take the emotions and humanity out of a situation? Ex: nurse does not give a dying patient CPRM because according to liability and contractual reasons The the idea that as the number of bystanders to an incident increases, the likelihood that anyone will intervene decrease A woman is stabbed by robber on the way home and collapses on the front porch of her apartment to death and then robber runs away. People say they assumed that someone else called the cops because its NYC. 7 people witnessed the attack -she was kitty Geneses Irving Janice reading#3- about group thinking and how a group can sway you into asking bad decision, because no one wants to speak out The bay of pigs scandal with JEFF was one example nobody would question the ruling of the group and especially not the presidents ruling Also in a Jury, one member of the Jury may disagree, but will conform to the group to avoid a mistrial. Cash line experiment- Cash put 12 men in a room, who were all similar. 1 of the 12 were confederates or actor and were in on the experiment -Cash put 3 lines on a chalkboard, and 11 of the 12 said that the shortest line was actually the longest, and the 12th agreed even Hough he knew this was not correct The experiment measured peoples level of conformity towards a group Prison story-power domains(cat calling by the guards) Sociality- communication, interaction, experiences among people Sociality does Not have to have people other then yourself(no other people needed) Society is normal (or what feels normal) How human interact with society Society- the environmental influent on action in self concourses Physiology- inside the mind how it works thought process Generalized other- society in your mind self concourse Ex devil and angle on the shoulder Looking glass self- see yourself in someone else emotion and to use it to change Ex answer the question wrong but keep going in hope to get it right and the teacher show feed back Physiology- older Sociology- mid sasss, began in Europe not a hard science (statistics and numbers) Hard science -To make predictions, scientific method Positivism-applying the scientific method to study human beings August Compete developed positivism, father of sociology, tried to make sociology a hard science, but humans have free will Sociology to have trends that is used to improve how sociology unctions Social cancers- crime, racism and other apply society- use it in the real world ex- interview, polls, statistics Method- a way of gathering data Data-piece of information You are the instrument to let the data speak objective- let the data speak there you Social facts- facts about society Look at data in different ways Hackwork effect- interviews someone but unknowingly support their story How sociali st scored the productivity of factory using light increase productivity because they were being watched being watched is bytes. This increased productivity cause they were being watched and because of fear of losing their Jobs they worked harder. Interviews- can change result of answer admitting a byes Think of society as a human body- and the parts needed to work and how it serves the whole If something fails it all fails Emilee Druthers segments of religious life the way religious effect life Suicide- types of suicide and all 4 Conflict theory- society is viewed composed of groups in competitions for scarce resources all the time Ex Jobs, oil, water The main theory was invented by Carols Marks Two groups Propeller vs Argosies has everything (elite) 1% rules in their favor Propeller has little to none (99% or workers)(poor) Inequity for the bourgeoisie C Arles Marks- we can have a revolution but the people in the propeller dont know it. The only way it would happen is class conchies Symbolic interaction- interact with people views people Macro level- big Mezzo level-middle conflict between groups of people Micro level- small Realer Game This theory do not include person to person Dramaturgy we are all actor and putting on a performs Cultural scripts- how you know how to act Cultural custom-what you wear We all know it Get We know the script by experience Front stage-act more(ex around anyone) Backstage- when you are by yourself prepping for front stage Ethnography- away to study a culture Thick description-extremely detailed notes on a culture Anthropologist -the study of other people cultures Baked heads in oven peg 74 saloon Mushinesss Syndrome enjoy pain Sadist enjoy giving pain Holy mouth man peg 74 dentist Who they are on peg 72 Americans or manicure(America backwards)- talking about American Bicyclist -witch docs 3 thick description-cell phone or head nod , wink What does imperial mean observable What theorist is it possible to be complete basis in a interview conflict theory caused by wealth Colonization- the process of learning(mainly culture or society) -starts before you are born (buying stuff for the baby) Gender no matter what is not a natural construction it is a social construction Social construction is not a natural event society its weird or deviant What is normal in society and if they are not like many people Gender normal- what they are made to think When you teach someone how to act is a colonization agent Ex: parent, family, public, media, school, friend, church Farer children- have no social skills or uncivilized George Herbert Mead -found out there are three stages when they are learning Stages of learning 1 . Imitation-copy 2. Play-other people and a basic understanding of their actions, learn the script 3. Game-other people and the add of rules Learning to handle your emotion and they are also social 6 basic emotions normal people have 1. Sad 2. Happy 3. A nger 4. Fear 5. Surprise 6. Discuss Tells us how to use these emotions Cognitive dissonance- actions dont match what is expected Exposable that ends with her saying no Ex buyers remorse Cognitive congruence -actions that society thinks is normal, lie or convince yourself as normal Ex talking yourself out of things Schemas-mental grouping Ex cow walks into the class room or a cop comes into the classroom Designed to feel good about themselves Altruistic- showing unselfish concern for the welfare of others Ex-very rare never 100%, donating body for science, parenting society and culture Culture is part society Culture is the language, belief , the norm, behavior ,values and objects passed down Beliefs- have faith in a idea something we believe in it is real Ex: capitalism, hard org, the American dream Values- morals are value, fairness, putting it on a higher pedestal.

Moment Generating Functions of Random Variables

Moment Generating Functions of Random Variables One way to calculate the mean and variance of a probability distribution is to find the expected values of the random variables X and X2. We use the notation E(X) and E(X2) to denote these expected values. In general, it is difficult to calculate E(X) and E(X2) directly. To get around this difficulty, we use some more advanced mathematical theory and calculus. The end result is something that makes our calculations easier. The strategy for this problem is to define a new function, of a new variable t that is called the moment generating function. This function allows us to calculate moments by simply taking derivatives. Assumptions Before we define the moment generating function, we begin by setting the stage with notation and definitions. We let X be a discrete random variable. This random variable has the probability mass function f(x). The sample space that we are working with will be denoted by S. Rather than calculating the expected value of X, we want to calculate the expected value of an exponential function related to X. If there is a positive real number r such that E(etX) exists and is finite for all t in the interval [-r, r], then we can define the moment generating function of X. Definition The moment generating function is the expected value of the exponential function above. In other words, we say that the moment generating function of X is given by: M(t) E(etX) This expected value is the formula ÃŽ £ etx f (x), where the summation is taken over all x in the sample space S. This can be a finite or infinite sum, depending upon the sample space being used. Properties The moment generating function has many features that connect to other topics in probability and mathematical statistics. Some of its most important features include: The coefficient of etb is the probability that X b.Moment generating functions possess a uniqueness property. If the moment generating functions for two random variables match one another, then the probability mass functions must be the same. In other words, the random variables describe the same probability distribution.Moment generating functions can be used to calculate moments of X. Calculating Moments The last item in the list above explains the name of moment generating functions and also their usefulness. Some advanced mathematics says that under the conditions that we laid out, the derivative of any order of the function M (t) exists for when t 0. Furthermore, in this case, we can change the order of summation and differentiation with respect to t to obtain the following formulas (all summations are over the values of x in the sample space S): M’(t) ÃŽ £ xetx f (x)M’’(t) ÃŽ £ x2etx f (x)M’’’(t) ÃŽ £ x3etx f (x)M(n)’(t) ÃŽ £ xnetx f (x) If we set t 0 in the above formulas, then the etx term becomes e0 1. Thus we obtain formulas for the moments of the random variable X: M’(0) E(X)M’’(0) E(X2)M’’’(0) E(X3)M(n)(0) E(Xn) This means that if the moment generating function exists for a particular random variable, then we can find its mean and its variance in terms of derivatives of the moment generating function. The mean is M’(0), and the variance is M’’(0) – [M’(0)]2. Summary In summary, we had to wade into some pretty high-powered mathematics, so some things were glossed over. Although we must use calculus for the above, in the end, our mathematical work is typically easier than by calculating the moments directly from the definition.

Mgt dq 2 wk2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mgt dq 2 wk2 - Essay Example Strategic management is a broader concept that includes strategic planning as a component of a company-wide analysis of top level managerial procedures. Other activities that are included as a component of strategic management include the development of policies, allocation of resources, and evaluations of performance related to initially specified goals. Analyses are a key feature of strategic management, as is the inclusion of tactics, finances, and objectives in the formation of a complex but thorough managerial method. Some of the prominent advantages associated with strategic management are the development of market foresight, quick reactions to unexpected problems, fostering dedication within the company, and the early identification of opportunities for improvement (Leiponen & Helfat, 2010). The type of businesses that would benefit the most from strategic management are those which are relatively stable over long periods of time. The method produces strategies that are meant to be long-term in scope, but rapidly changing markets and/or operation restrictions could make this goal virtually impossible (Wall, 2010) using traditional strategic management methods alone. However, strategic management is highly valuable where chaos is less of a concern, as it may be the best option to optimize the use of available

Article Abstract Assignments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Article Abstract Assignments - Assignment Example er media, corporations that interact with the leagues and teams, and communities that construct facilities and support local clubs as the main customers of the professional leagues (Mason 406-407). The author further observed that customers manifest their interest on the professional leagues for distinct reasons. However, the author establishes the fact that the marketing of this product harbors many problems. Indeed, it is clear that marketing problems arise when each customer seeks suitable marketing opportunities in conflict with other parties. Problems relating the marketing of the league arise for example in problematic relationship existing between sport, television, and sponsorship emanating from corporate involvement. In addition, financial disparities between clubs in the same league is a problem that affects the marketing of the league where rich teams gain a competitive advantage thus leading to uncertain results and thus hardships in maintaining the customer base (Mason 4 13-414). Subject to these marketing problems, the author recommends further research and analysis on this topic. The paper made significant contributions in that it was able to denote the business entity of the sport, highlight and discuss the main parties to a professional league, and consequently establish the possible major problems in marketing the professional leagues. The input on the distinct reasons that give various parties interest in the league was significant in addressing the research question. However, the paper falls short in providing tangible solutions to the marketing problems in a professional league. As such, the paper only recommends further analysis and research, which is not a substantial contribution to the research question. The paper seemingly forgot about the satisfaction that the league accords various parties and the need to derive value from any league. More so, the paper forgot to include the rules governing professional leagues. Mason, David. What is

The Applications Of Content Marketing Marketing Essay

The Applications Of Content Marketing Marketing Essay Several companies use content marketing channels to have consumers like the content, comment on the content, and share the content. With its fairly new existence, companies are just now starting to take advantage of its application. However, many companies have been extremely successful with its use. With the expansion of social media, companies have had great success on websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to market their products content. A few companies that have had success with content marketing include Instagram, American Express, and Mint. The expansion of social media marketing is helping expand content marketing as well. Websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram all provide a simple and affordable method of marketing content. Facebook, probably the most used channel, allows businesses to post information via wall posts, pictures, or videos on a businesss page for the world to see. This allows users to get the information about products and from there, they can share it with other users on Facebooks website. Next is Twitter. Twitter allows businesses to post a tweet about their products that will appear on their followers timeline. From there, their followers can retweet the message and allow other users to view it who follow them. Many businesses use Twitter to keep their customers informed about the products they offer and products they will soon offer. Instagram is a photo-sharing program and social media website that allows users to take a picture and share it with virtually the world. The service is free allowing many consumers as well as businesses to take advantage of its service. Businesses are now using Instagram for content marketing purposes. A successful lesson that can be learned from Instagram is that it has no direct target market. Anyone who takes a picture and uploads it is a great target for the company. This allows Instagram to have a diverse consumer base for different purposes. Next, this gives businesses an advantage because it allows consumers to see what businesses post about the content of their products. For content marketing purposes, Instagrams blog serves as a platform for users to tell their stories via images. Rather than directly promoting itself, Instagram gives users the power to share themselves via the Instagram product (Cohen, 2012). Next, American Express has expanded its content marketing strategies with the creation of OpenForum.com (Snow, 2011). Open Forum is a content marketing websites that allows a variety of businesses to post information, such as blogs, videos, articles, or podcasts, on their website to attract other businesses to it in order to increase business-to-business sales. Open Forum gives small businesses the tools they need to operate and information about how to operate their business. Some content is created by other publishers like Inc. Magazine or Mashable, and posted on Open Forums website, and other articles are created by Open Forum writers. According to Shane Snow, a writer for Mashable, Open Forum is a hybrid advertising/guest blogging/in-house editorial operation, and its fostering a community around the topic of running a business. Also according to Snow, some lessons from American Expresses content marketing is get trusted contributors to publish guest content on your properties, d evelop users around a topic and let your brand be the host of the community, and do not neglect original content that was created. Mint is considered a market leader in online personal finance. It has been very successful with its content marketing strategies. Mints blog created a blog entitled MintLife that was a core part of the companys operation. Mint dedicated significant resources to its blog, including a full time editorial staff and a slew of freelance contributors, unlike other companies that might rarely update their blogs or social media webpages. It used social news sites like Reddit and Digg, and Mint began to build their consumer base when their consumers began to see reliable and interesting content on the sites. The readers of the site began to become customers of Mint and started to promote Mints products on personal social media pages such as Facebook and Twitter. Kraft Foods has also been very successful in content marketing. Their focus is not on marketing their products; however, it is on bettering their current customers and subscribers lives and maintaining good customer relationship management. An example of their content marketing strategy is kraftrecipes.com that has been online since 1992. Kraftrecipes.com offers recipes to its subscribers. They also have expanded to using YouTube as well as mobile apps and social media sites. In order to measure their content marketing success, Kraft measures its traffic and engagement on different channels and sites (Gutman, Kraft Foods Dishes Out Its Recipe for Successful Content Marketing, 2012). According to Julie Fleischer, Director of Content Strategy Integration at Kraft Foods, The ROI on our Content Marketing work is among the highest of all of our marketing efforts. The last company of focus is Sears Holdings Company. Sears uses various ways of connecting people with their content. FitStudio is Searss online fitness community. On the site, they use different fitness experts to create content (Gutman, Sears Explains Its Success In Content Marketing, 2012). The expert contributors all reach various wellness communities and draw them to the FitStudio content, according to Julia Fitzgerald, Chief Digital Officer for Fitness, Sporting Goods Toys at Sears. They use several different channels, such as Facebook, Twitter, Pintrest, and Shop Your Way, to promote the FitStudio content as well as some paid methods of distribution as well. To measure their success, the look at FitStudios membership, engagement, page views, return visits, coupon redemption, or purchase (Gutman, Sears Explains Its Success In Content Marketing, 2012). Overall, they look at how engaged are their customers in determining their success.

Key Factors Contributing to the Israeli

MASENO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT AND STRATEGIC STUDIES INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY UNIT; THE MIDDLE EAST IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DIR; 307 SECTION A Research on Israel’s A. ) Geographical Location B. ) Population C. ) Ethnic Composition D. ) Historical Background E. ) Level of Economic development F. ) Nature of Government SECTION B Discuss the key factors contributing to the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict.ISRAELS FLAG ISRAELS EMBLEM SECTION A. INTRODUCTION The name Israel has historically been used in common and religious usage to refer to the biblical kingdom of Israel or the entire Jewish nation. According to the Hebrew Bible the name Israel was given to the Palestinian Jacob after he successfully wrestled with the angle of the Lord, Jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites also known as the twelve tribes, well, that is from a biblical view.Israel, officially the state of Israel is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East along the East ern shore of the Mediterranean sea, it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area, some if not all will be discussed in the essay below, in this Essay I will concentrate on discussing the general information of Israel and that includes its Geographical location, Population, Ethnic Composition, Historical background, Level of economic development and the Nature of government. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONThe geography of Israel is very diverse with desert conditions in the south and snow-capped mountains in the north. Israel is located at 31degrees north of the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea in western Asia. It is bounded to the north by Lebanon, the northeast by Syria, the East by Jordan and the West Bank, and to the southwest by Egypt with this border also being the border between Asia and Africa. To the west of Israel is the Mediterranean Sea which makes up the majority of Israel’s 273km coastline and the Gaza strip, Israel has a small coastline on the Red Sea in the south.Israel is approximately 20,700km square which includes 445km square of inland waters, Israel stretches 424km from north to south and its width ranges from 114km, at its narrowest point 15km. the Israeli occupied territories include the West Bank 5,879km, East Jerusalem 70km square and the Golan heights 1,150km square. The south of Israel is dominated by the Negev deserts covering some 16000km square more than half of the country’s total land area, the north of Negev contains the Judean desert which at its border contains the Dead Sea which at 417m is the lowest point on earth.The inland area of the Central Israel is dominated by the Judean hills of the West Bank, whilst the central and northern coastline consists of the flat and fertile Israeli Coastal Plain, the northern region contains the Mount Carmel Mountain range which is followed inland by the fertile Jazreel valley, and the hilly Galilee region. The Sea of Galilee is located beyond this an d is bordered to the east by the Golan Heights which contain the highest point under Israeli control, a peak in the Mount Harmon Massif at 2,224meters, the highest point in Israel’s internationally recognised territory is Mount Meron at 1. 08meters that is 3963ft. Israel is divided into four physiographic regions, they are as follows; The Mediterranean Coastal Plain It stretches from the Lebanese border in the north to Gaza in the south interrupted only by Cape Carmel at Haifa Bay, it is about 40km wide at Gaza and narrows towards the north to about 5km at the Lebanese border; on the right is a side view of the Coastal Plain from Rosh Hanikra Mount. The Central HillsInland (east) of the coastal plain lies the Central highland region, in the north of the region lie the mountain and hills of upper Galilee which are generally 500m to 700m in heights although reach a maximum height of 1,208m at Mount Meron. On the right is the Rainbow cave which is a natural arch on the northern ridge of Nahal Betzet. The Jordan Rift Valley East of the Central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley which is a small part of the 6500m long Syrian-East African Rift, in Israel the rift valley is dominated by the Jordan River, the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea.On the right is a picture of the Jordan Rift Valley. The Negev Desert It comprises approximately 12000km square more than half of Israel’s total land area, it is geographically an extension of the Sinai Desert, forming a rough triangle with its base in the north near Beersheba, the Dead Sea and the Southern Judean Mountains and it has its apex in the southern tip of the country at Eilat. Historical backgroundFollowing World War II, the British withdrew from their mandate of Palestine, and the UN partitioned the area into Arab and Jewish states, an arrangement rejected by the Arabs. Subsequently, the Israelis defeated the Arabs in a series of wars without ending the deep tensions between the two sides. The territori es Israel occupied since the 1967 war are not included in the Israel country profile, unless otherwise noted. On 25 April 1982, Israel withdrew from the Sinai pursuant to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.In keeping with the framework established at the Madrid Conference in October 1991, bilateral negotiations were conducted between Israel and Palestinian representatives and Syria to achieve a permanent settlement. Israel and Palestinian officials signed on 13 September 1993 a Declaration of Principles (also known as the â€Å"Oslo Accords†) guiding an interim period of Palestinian self-rule. Outstanding territorial and other disputes with Jordan were resolved in the 26 October 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace.In addition, on 25 May 2000, Israel withdrew unilaterally from southern Lebanon, which it had occupied since 1982. In April 2003, US President BUSH, working in conjunction with the EU, UN, and Russia – the â€Å"Quartet† – took the lead in laying out a roadmap to a final settlement of the conflict by 2005, based on reciprocal steps by the two parties leading to two states, Israel and a democratic Palestine. However, progress toward a permanent status agreement was undermined by Israeli-Palestinian violence between September 2003 and February 2005.In the summer of 2005, Israel unilaterally disengaged from the Gaza Strip, evacuating settlers and its military while retaining control over most points of entry into the Gaza Strip. The election of HAMAS to head the Palestinian Legislative Council froze relations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority (PA). Ehud OLMERT became prime minister in March 2006 and presided over a 34-day conflict with Hizballah in Lebanon in June-August 2006 and a 23-day conflict with HAMAS in the Gaza Strip during December 2008 and January 2009.OLMERT, who in June 2007 resumed talks with PA President Mahmoud ABBAS, resigned in September 2008. Prime Minister Binyamin NETANYAHU formed a coalition in March 2009 following a February 2009 general election. Direct talks launched in September 2010 collapsed following the expiration of Israel's 10-month partial settlement construction moratorium in the West Bank. The area of modern Israel was the birth place of Monotheism, first of Judaism and later of Christianity and contains of sites sacred to several Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druze and Baha’i.Although coming under their sway of various empires and home to a variety of ethnicities, it was predominantly Jewish until the Jewish-Roman wars after which Jews became a minority in most regions except Galilee. The region became increasingly Christian after the 3rd century and then largely Muslim after the 7th century Arab conquest. The Arab became a focal point of conflict between Christianity and Islam between 1096-1291 and from the end of the crusades until the British conquest in 1917was part of the Syrian Province of first the Mamlut Sultanat e of Egypt and then from 1517, the Ottoman Empire.In the mid 19th century, persecution in Europe led to the formation of the Zionist movement, which was able to win international support for a Jewish Masonry state on the side of the ancient kingdoms, following the British conquest of Syria in the first World War and the formation of the mandatory state of Palestine, Jewish-Arab tension Gradually evolved into the Arab-Israeli conflict, a collision of the Jewish nationalist movement. Israel’s independence in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from both Europe and the Islamic world to Israel, and of the Arabs from Israel leading to extensive conflict with the Arab League.After independence in 1948, the first president of Israel came into power on 17th Feb 1949, he was in office for two terms until 9th Nov 1952, The second president was Yitzhak Ben-Zvi who came into power on 16th Dec 1952, he stayed in office for three terms until 23rd April 1963, the third president wa s Zalman Shazar who came into power on 21st May 1963 to 24th May 1973, the forth President was Ibrahim Katzir who came to power on 24th May 1973 to 29th May 1978, the fifth president was Yitzhak Navon who became president of Israel on 29th May 1978 to 5th May 1983, the sixth president of Israel was Chaim Herzog who came to power on 5th May 1983 he ruled for two terms until 13th May 1993, the seventh president was Ezer Weizman who ruled Israel from 3rd May 1993 to 13th July 2000 he stayed in office for two terms, the eighth president of Israel was Moshe Katsau who came to power from 1st August 2000 to 1st July 2007, the ninth and current president of Israel is Mr Shimon Perez who has stayed in office since 13th July 2007.Most Israeli presidents were involved in national politics of Zionist activities before taking office, some were also distinguished in other fields for example Chaim Weizmann was aleading research chemist who founded the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rohovot; Zalm an Shazar was an Author, poet and Jonourlist, while Chaim Herzog was a military leader , attorney and diplomat. The first Israeli presidents were born in the former Russian Empire which was true of much of the leadership in the early day of the state the first with a Sephardic background was Chaim Herzog, who originally came from Belfast, Nothern Ireland. The first president from a Middle Eastern county outside of Israel was Moshe Katsar, who was born in Persia. POPULATIONIn 2012, Israel’s population was an estimated 7,933,200 people of whom 5,978,600 are Jews, Arab citizens of Israel comprise 1,636,600 of the country’s total population, those identified as others make up the remainder of the population, when the state was established, there were only 806,000 residents and the total population reached its first and second million in 1949 and 1958 respectively. The overall population grew by 96,300 people since the end of 2011 a growth rate similar to that of the last e ight years. The Jewish population grew 1. 8% (similar to past years) while the Arab population grew 2. 4% (a rapid decline from the 3. 4% annual growth rate in the 1990's). The Christian population grew 1. 3% and the Druze population grew 1. 7%. Israel's population is considered young relative to the populations of other Western countries. 28% of the population was aged 0-14 while only 10. 3% were older than 65 years of age. OECD average is 18. % (0-14) and 15% (65+). Israel's average age, however, is getting older. In 2011, the average age was 29. 5 years as opposed to 27. 6 in the year 2000. Average age for males is 28. 4 and for women is 30. 6 years old. Life expectancy in 2011 was 80 years for men and 83. 6 years for women. This life expectancy continues an upward trend of the last decade. Jewish males had a life expectancy 4. 2 years higher than their Arab counterparts; while Jewish women had expectancy 3. 0 years higher. The Israeli life expectancy is higher than the OECD aver age. About 40% of Israel's total population lives in the centre of the country (24% in Central region and 16. % in Tel Aviv area). Approximately 17% of the population lives in the north and another 14% are based in the south. 12% live in both Jerusalem and Haifa regions and another 4% in the West Bank. Just under half of the Jewish population lives in the canter of the country, either Jerusalem or Tel Aviv metropolitan areas. 60% of the Arab population lives in the north. Jerusalem and the Central region recorded an above average growth rate of 2. 5% while Tel Aviv saw one of its lowest, at 0. 8%. Israel's population density increased in 2011 to 347 people per every square kilometre (not including the West Bank) as opposed to only 288 people per km2  in 2000.By comparison, Slovenia (whose territory is roughly the same size as Israel's) has a population density of 102 people per km2; Belgium (slightly larger than Israel) has a density of 364 people per km2. Tel Aviv is Israel's den sest region with 7,522 people per km2; Jerusalem has a density of 1,484 people per km2 and Bnei Brak is Israel's densest city with 22,145 people per km2. 47,885 couples were wed in Israel over the past year, of which 75% were Jewish and 21% Muslim. 13,042 couples were divorced during the year, 80% Jews. 166,296 babies were born in Israel during 2011, almost exactly equal to the 2010 birth number of 166,255. The number of children per woman in Israel stands at 3, slightly lower than the 3. 03 of 2010. Jewish women have an average 2. 98 children (a rise of . 1 from 2010), which is the highest recorded number since 1977. The number of children for every Muslim woman stands at 3. 51; however this is a dramatic decrease from 3. 75 in 2010, the literacy level in Israel’s total population 97. 1%. ETHNIC COMPOSITION Languages Israel is a country of immigrants and its population is comprised of a mosaic people with varied ethnic backgrounds, lifestyles, religions, cultures and traditi ons. The Jewish people account for 80. 5% of the total population of Israel. Israel has two official languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken by the majority of the population, and Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority.Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are broadcast in this language and English is taught from the early grades in elementary school. As a country of immigrants, many languages can be heard on the streets. Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia (some 120,000 Ethiopian Jews live in Israel), Russian and Amharic are widely spoken. Between 1990 and 1994, the Russian immigration increased Israel's population by twelve percent. More than one million Russian-speaking immigrants arrived in Israel from the former Soviet Union states between 1990 and 2004. French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis, mostly originating from France and North Africa.Religion Isra el and the Palestinian territories comprise the major part of the Holy Land, a region of significant importance’s to all Abrahamic religions – Jews, Christians, Muslims and Baha'is. The religious affiliation of Israeli Jews varies widely: a social survey for those over the age of 20 indicates that 55% say they are â€Å"traditional†, while 20% consider themselves â€Å"secular Jews†, 17% define themselves as â€Å"Religious Zionists†; 8% define themselves as â€Å"Haredi Jews†. While the ultra-Orthodox, or Haredim, represented only 5% of Israel's population in 1990, they are expected to represent more than one-fifth of Israel's Jewish population by 2028.Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the populations are Christian and 1. 5% are Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants and the Foreign Laborers of multinatio nal origins and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate.The city of Jerusalem is of special importance to Jews, Muslims and Christians as it is the home of sites that are pivotal to their religious beliefs, such as the Israeli-controlled Old City that incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount, the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Other locations of religious importance in Israel are Nazareth (holy in Christianity as the site of the Annunciation of Mary), Tiberias and Safed (two of the Four Holy Cities in Judaism), the White Mosque in Ramla (holy in Islam as the shrine of the prophet Saleh), and the Church of Saint George in L od (holy in Christianity and Islam as the tomb of Saint George or Al Khidr). A number of other religious landmarks are located in the West Bank, among them Joseph's tomb in Shechem, the birthplace of Jesus and Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem, and the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron.The administrative center of the Baha'i Faith and the Shrine of the Bab are located at the Baha'i World Centre in Haifa and the leader of the faith is buried in Acre. Apart from maintenance staff, there is no Baha'i community in Israel, although it is a destination for pilgrimages. Baha'i staff in Israel do not teach their faith to Israelis following strict policy. Education Israel has a school life expectancy of 15 years and a literacy rate of 97. 1% according to the United Nations. The State Education Law, passed in 1953, established five types of schools: state secular, state religious, ultra orthodox, communal settlement schools, and Arab schools.The public secular is the largest school group, and is atte nded by the majority of Jewish and non-Arab pupils in Israel. Most Arabs send their children to schools where Arabic is the language of instruction. Education is compulsory in Israel for children between the ages of three and eighteen. Schooling is divided into three tiers  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ primary school (grades 1–6), middle school (grades 7–9), and high school (grades 10–12)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ culminating with Bagrut matriculation exams. Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics, the Hebrew language, Hebrew and general literature, the English language, history, Biblical scripture and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate. 304] In Arab, Christian and Druze schools, the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam on Muslim, Christian or Druze heritage. In 2003, over half of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University are ranked among the world's top 100 universities by Tim es Higher Education magazine. Israel ranks third in the world in the number of academic degrees per capita (20 percent of the population). Culture Israel's diverse culture stems from the diversity of the population: Jews from around the world have brought their cultural and religious traditions with them, creating a melting pot of Jewish customs and beliefs.Israel is the only country in the world where life revolves around the Hebrew calendar. Work and school holidays are determined by the Jewish holidays, and the official day of rest is Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath. Israel's substantial Arab minority has also left its imprint on Israeli culture in such spheres as architecture, music and cuisine. LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Israel is considered one of the most advanced countries in Southwest Asia in economic and industrial development. In 2010, it joined the OECD. The country is ranked 3rd in the region on the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index as well as in the World Econo mic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report.It has the second-largest number of startup companies in the world (after the United States) and the largest number of NASDAQ-listed companies outside North America. In 2010, Israel ranked 17th among of the world's most economically developed nations, according to IMD's World Competitiveness Yearbook. The Israeli economy was ranked first as the world's most durable economy in the face of crises, and was also ranked first in the rate of research and development center investments. The Bank of Israel was ranked first among central banks for its efficient functioning, up from the 8th place in 2009. Israel was also ranked as the worldwide leader in its supply of skilled manpower.The Bank of Israel holds $78 billion of foreign-exchange reserves. Despite limited natural resources, intensive development of the agricultural and industrial sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from grains and beef. Other major imports to Israel, totaling $47. 8  billion in 2006, include fossil fuels, raw materials, and military equipment. Leading exports include electronics, software, computerized systems, communications technology, medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, fruits, chemicals, military technology, and cut diamonds, in 2006, Israeli exports reached $42. 86  billion, and by 2010 they had reached $80. 5 billion a year.Israel is a leading country in the development of solar energy. Israel is a global leader in water conservation and geothermal energy, and its development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have evoked comparisons with Silicon Valley. According to the OECD, Israel is also ranked 1st in the world in expenditure on Research and Development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP. Intel and Microsoft built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel, and other high-tech multi-national corporations, such as IBM, Ci sco Systems, and Motorola, have opened facilities in the country. In July 2007, U. S. illionaire Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway bought an Israeli company Iscar, its first non-U. S. acquisition, for $4  billion. Since the 1970s, Israel has received military aid from the United States, as well as economic assistance in the form of loan guarantees, which now account for roughly half of Israel's external debt. Israel has one of the lowest external debts in the developed world, and is a net lender in terms of net external debt (the total value of assets vs. liabilities in debt instruments owed abroad), which as of 2011[update] stood at a surplus of US$58. 7  billion. Days of working time in Israel are Sunday through Thursday (for 5 a days ‘week'), or Friday (for 6 a days ‘week').In observance of Shabbat, in places where Friday is a work day and the majority of population is Jewish, Friday is a â€Å"short day†, usually lasting till 14:00 in the winter, or 16:0 0 in the summer. Several proposals have been raised to adjust the work week with the majority of the world, and make Sunday a non-working day, while extending working time of other days, and/or replacing Friday with Sunday as a work day. Israels economy faces mamny challenges, some short term and some long term challenges, the short term side, it is inability to duplicate its success in telecommunication industry into other growing industries hampers its economic outlook, its inability to foster larger multinational companies in the last decade also questions its ability to employ large numbers of people in advanced industries.On the longterm side, Israel is facing challenges on high dependency of the growing number of Ultra or Thudox Jews who have a low level of official labour force participation amongst men, and this situation could lead to a materialy lower employment –to-populationratio and a higher dependency ratio in the future , the governor of the Bank of Israel Stan ley Fitcher stated that the growing poverty amongst the Ultra or Thodox is hunting the Israel economy. According to the data published by Ian Fual rsman, 60% of the poor households in Israel are of the Haredi Jews and the Israeli Arabs, both groups together represent 25-28% of the Israeli population NATURE OF GOVERNMENT The Israeli system of government is based on parliamentary Democracy, the prime minister who is Benjamin Netanyahu is the head of government and the leader of the multi party system.Executive power is exercised by the government, Legislature power is vested in the Knesset, the Judiciary is independent of the Executive and Legislature. The political system of the state of Israel and its main principles are set out in basic laws, Israel does not have a written constitution. For governmental purposes, Israel is devided into six districts. Central District, Haifa District, Jerusalem District, Nothern District, Southern District, Tel Aviv which is the capital city of Isra el is the six district. The districts are further subdivided into fourteen subdistrict and into fifty natural regions, administration of the districts is coordinated by the ministry of interior.In the State of Israel, as in other democratic states, rule is rooted in the following liberal principles and institutions: basic laws that lay down the order of government and the rights of citizens; the holding of elections to the house of representatives based on the principle of the rule of the majority, with the rights of the minority guaranteed by law; the principle of the separation between the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary, to which the institution of state control has been added; freedom of the press. The Electoral System The elections in Israel are general, equal and secret. On the national level they are held at least once every four years, and on the municipal level at least once every five years. Israel has a system of proportional representation, an d the whole state is considered a single constituency. Every party running for election presents a list of candidates, and the number of candidates entering the House of Representatives is proportional to the percentage of support the list receives.Every citizen over the age of 18, whose name appears in the list of voters, may vote. The Legislature Branch; Knesset The Knesset is the house of representatives of the State of Israel. The Basic Law: The Knesset, states that the seat of the Knesset is Jerusalem, and that upon election it will have 120 members. The law deals with the elections to the Knesset and with the essence of the service, the work and the immunity of the Knesset, its committees and its members. The law does not define the authority of the Knesset and details regarding the way its functions appear in its regulations. A new Knesset starts to function after general elections are held, which determine its makeup.The President of the State opens the first session of a ne w Knesset and immediately passes its running onto the eldest Knesset member. At this meeting the Knesset members declare their allegiance, and the Speaker of the Knesset and his deputies are elected. The Knesset fulfils its functions by means of two arms: the plenary in which all the Knesset members sit and the Knesset committees. The plenary holds debates within the framework of legislation, government statements, motions for the agenda, motions of no confidence and questions, and the deliberations usually end with a vote. The Knesset plenary decides on most issues on its agenda by means of a vote, and resolutions are adopted by a majority.A majority usually means the majority of those present at the meeting. There are, however, resolutions which require an absolute majority, and others which require a special majority. The function of the committees, in addition to dealing with bills, is to supervise the work of the Government Ministries and to hold debates on issues within the re alms for which they are responsible, and which are of public interest. By means of the committees, the Knesset maintains direct contact with the Government Ministries, and receives information from Ministers or their representatives. There are four types of Knesset committees that function on a regular basis: 1. Permanent Committees (12)Committee for Advancing the Status of Women; Constitution, Law and Justice Committee; Economic Affairs Committee; Education, Culture, & Sports Committee; Finance Committee; Foreign Affairs & Defence Committee; House Committee; Immigration and Absorption Committee; Internal Affairs & Environment Committee; Labour and Welfare Committee; Science & Technology Committee; and the State Control Committee. 2. Special Committees Committee on Drug Abuse, Committee on the Rights of the Child, Committee for Foreign Workers. 3. Parliamentary Inquiry Appointed by the Knesset Plenum  to deal with particular issues viewed as having special national importance. 4. Ethnic Committees Responsible for jurisdiction over members who have violated rules of ethics of the Knesset or who have been involved in illegal activity outside of the Knesset. In addition, there are two types of committees in the Knesset which convene only when needed: 1. The Interpretation CommitteeIt  deals with appeals against the interpretation given by the Speaker during a sitting of the plenum to the Knesset Rules of Procedure or precedents. The Committee is made up of the Speaker and eight Knesset members chosen by the House Committee. 2. Public Committees It is established to deal with issues that are connected to the Knesset. The members of public committees may be experts in a particular field, public figures, or current or past Knesset members. An example of such a committee is the Public Committee for the Draft of Ethical Guidelines for Knesset Members. The members of the committees are appointed during the first meetings of every new Knesset with the help of an â⠂¬Å"arranging committee,† which is selected for this purpose. Basic LawsEven though it was stated in the Proclamation of Independence that the Constituent Assembly, which turned into the First Knesset, would draft a constitution for Israel, this was not done due to differences of opinion with the religious parties. In place of a constitution, it was decided to legislate a series of basic laws, which in the future would together form the constitution. Even now, more than 60 years after Israel's establishment, the task of drafting a constitution has yet to come to fruition. There are several articles in the existing basic laws which can only be amended by an absolute majority (the support of more than 60 MKs) or a special majority (which is large than an absolute majority) of the Knesset members. The existing basic laws are:President of the State (1964) | The Knesset (1958) | The Government (2001) | The Judiciary (1984) | The Israel Defence Forces (1976) The Capital Jerusalem (1 980) | The People's Lands (1960) | The State Comptroller (1988) | The State Economy (1975) Human Dignity and Liberty (1992) | Freedom of Occupation (1994) The Executive branch; the Government Until after the elections to the 13th Knesset, it was the President who assigned the task of forming a new Government to the head of the list with the best chances of succeeding, who was also usually the head of the largest party in the Knesset. The Government required the approval of the Knesset, so that it needed to represent a coalition supported by a majority of the Knesset members, even if not all of its supporters were actual members in it.The 32nd Government of the State of Israel, which was formed in March 2009, is made up of the following Ministries: Agriculture and Rural Development | Communications | Construction and Housing | Culture and Sports | Defence Diaspora Affairs | Education | Energy and Water Resources | Environment | Finance | Foreign Affairs | Health Immigrant Absorption | Industry and Trade | Justice | Prime Minister's Office | Public Security | Religious Services | Science Social Affairs and Social Services | Strategic Affairs | The Interior | Tourism | Transport The President The President of the State is elected by the Knesset in a secret vote, and primarily fulfils ceremonial functions as head of State. Candidates for the presidency are customarily proposed by the large parties, and are usually well-known public figures. The President is appointed for a period of five years, which can be extended by a further five years. The functions of the President are defined in the Basic Law: The President of the State. In addition, the President assumes public functions and activities in accordance with the customs which have crystallized on the issue, and with his personal inclinations.Amongst the President's formal functions are signing laws (even though he has no control over their content) opening the first meeting of the first session of a new Knesse t, receiving the credentials of new ambassadors of foreign states, approving the appointment of civil and religious judges, the State Comptroller and the Governor of the Bank of Israel, pardoning prisoners or commuting their sentences, etc. In the past it was also the President who decided who to approach after general elections with the task of trying to form a new Government, but this function will cease to exist as of the elections to the 14th Knesset, when the Prime Minister will be directly elected. The Judiciary The courts deal with cases of persons charged with a breach of the law. Charges are brought up by citizens against other citizens, by the state against citizens, and even by citizens against the state. The sessions of the courts of law are usually public, unless it is decided to hold closed hearings under special circumstances.When more than one judge is presiding, and the judges do not agree on a verdict, the opinion of the majority is decisive. Israel does not have t rials by jury. The cases brought to the courts are of two types: criminal cases and civil cases. A criminal case is one involving a transgression of the social order, and its intention is to punish the offender, if his guilt has been proven. In a civil case the plaintiff is a private person or association and the defendant is a private person or association. The subject of the trial is the demand that a contract signed between the parties be fulfilled, a debt is returned or compensation is paid for damages caused.In a civil trial there is no punishment, but a duty to pay financial or other compensation. Freedom of the press The institutions of government in Israel are subject to public scrutiny by the written and electronic media. Public scrutiny is one of the marks and foundations of a democracy, and in Israel it is secured in the principle of freedom of expression which is mentioned in the Declaration of Independence, and is currently being secured in a basic law. REFFERENCE 1. Gl obal servey (2006); Middle East Progress Amid Global gains in freedom. 2. Wells, John V. (1990); World Economic Outlook 3. Latest population statics for Israel; Jewish Vitual Library 17th Sep 2012 4.Berger Earl; The covenant and the Sword; Arab- Israel relations, 1948, London 5. Bregman Ahron ; A history of Israel; New York; Palgrace Macmillan 2002 6. A Arnon and J. Weinblatt; Soverighnity and economic development; The case of Israel and Pakestine SECTION B INTRODUCTION The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is the ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians that began in the early 20th century. The conflict is wide-ranging, and the term is also used in reference to the earlier phases of the same conflict, between the Zionist yishuv and the Arab population living in Palestine under Ottoman and then British rule. It forms part of the wider Arab–Israeli conflict.The remaining key issues are: mutual recognition, borders, security, water rights, control of Jerusalem, Isra eli settlements, Palestinian freedom of movement and finding a resolution to the refugee question. The violence resulting from the conflict has prompted international actions, as well as other security and human rights concerns, both within and between both sides, and internationally. In addition, the violence has curbed expansion of tourism in the region, which is full of historic and religious sites that are of interest to many people around the world. Below are the key factors that contribute to the conflict between Israel and Palestine in detail. Mutual RecognitionIt is often said that the fierceness of the struggle between the two stems from the fact that both the Israelis and Palestinians claim the same territory as their historical homeland, the main matter here is that for decades Israelis and Palestinians deny each other rights to exist as national entities, this mutual rejection is much more than a conflict over territory, as territory can be fought over, compromised on, c urved up and eventually shared, but when each party claims exclusive ownership of the disputed land and is profoundly convinced that the other has no right to exist, there is no way of the quagmire only a fight to finish. Israel often argue that if Palestinian and Arab leaders had not repeatedly refused any compromise over the disputed land especially if they had not rejected out of hand the 1947 UN resolution on the partition of the mandatory Palestinian into two states, one Arab the other Jewish, a decision satisfactory to both sides could have been worked out in time, the Palestinians could not even imagine sharing the land they felt that they were sure that Palestine was theirs by right and there’s only thus the emergence of the State of Israel in 1948 descended upon them as an individual and national tragedy.The Palestinian systematic rejection of Israel’s national existence and their dogged refusal to countenance any form of territorial compromise year after year , decade after decade, played into the hands of Israelis leaders from Ben–Gurion in 1948 to Golder Mier and Yitzhak Rabin in the 1970s and 1980s, it enabled them to ignore and deny Palestinians national rights and with a good conscience of that. The Oslo peace process was based upon Israel ceding authority to the Palestinians to run their own political and economic affairs. In return, it was agreed that Palestinians would promote peaceful co-existence, renounce violence and promote recognition of Israel among their own people. Despite Yasser Arafat's official renunciation of terrorism and recognition of Israel, some Palestinian groups continue to practice and advocate violence against civilians and do not recognize Israel as a legitimate political entity.Palestinians state that their ability to spread acceptance of Israel was greatly hampered by Israeli restrictions on Palestinian political freedoms, economic freedoms, civil liberties, and quality of life. It is widely felt a mong Israelis that Palestinians did not in fact promote acceptance of Israel's right to exist. One of Israel's major reservations in regards to granting Palestinian sovereignty is its concern that there is not genuine public support by Palestinians for co-existence and elimination of terrorism and incitement. Some Palestinian groups, notably Fatah, the political party founded by PLO leaders, initially claimed they were willing to foster co-existence depending on the Palestinians being steadily given more political rights and autonomy.However, in 2010, even Fatah leaders such as Mahmoud Abbas refused to recognize Israel as a Jewish state, while the leader of al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, which is the official Fatah's military wing, publicly disclosed Fatah's â€Å"ultimate goal† to be the destruction of the Jewish state, and that Abbas would lie about recognition of Israel following â€Å"Zionist and American pressure† for â€Å"political calculations† as one of the means to achieve the aforementioned goal. In 2006, Hamas won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council, where it remains the majority party. Hamas has openly stated in the past that it completely opposed Israel's right to exist, and its charter states this. Following the release of Gilad Shalit in 2011, Abbas praised his capturing by Hamas and reassured the Arab public he would â€Å"never recognize a Jewish state†. Israel cites past concessions such as Israel’s disengagement from the Gaza Strip in August 2005, which did not lead to a reduction of attacks and rocket fire against Israel—as an example of the Palestinian people not accepting Israel as a state.Palestinian groups and Israeli Human Rights organizations (namely B'Tselem) have pointed out that while the military occupation in Gaza was ended, the Israeli government still retained control of Gaza's airspace, territorial water, and borders, legally making it still under Israeli control. They also say that mainly thanks to these restrictions, the Palestinian quality of life in the Gaza Strip has not improved since the Israeli withdrawal. Israeli Security Concerns Throughout the conflict, Palestinian violence has been a concern for Israelis. Israel along with the United States and the European Union, refer to the violence against Israeli civilians and military forces by Palestinian militants as terrorism. The conflict between Palestine and Israel is not only basically a question of Palestinian terrorism that largely threatens the security and existence of Israel, it is also a question of Israeli Military ccupation that started in 1967, which provokes Palestinian resistance which then threatens the security of Israel, to go on speaking about Palestinian terrorism without seeing the right of the Palestinians to their freedom and to end their occupation is condemning oneself not to see reality and to remain impotent in reaching a solution, what do the Palestinians want? They want their independent state, and what do the Israelis want? They want their security inside secure borders protected from all attacks or threats, the two requirements are interdependent, after the end of the occupation will bring cessation of all violence and hence the security of Israel, but instead of putting an end to the occupation, the Israeli government maintains it and follows ways-reprisals and recently they declared war which just led to the opposite of security i. e. more Palestinians reaction, violence and hence Israelis insecurity.Oppression and humiliation imposed upon the Palestinian people can only produce violent Palestinian reactions that threaten the security of Israel. The motivations behind Palestinian violence against Israeli civilians are multiplex, and not all violent Palestinian groups agree with each other on specifics, however a common motive is to eliminate the Jewish state and replace it with a Palestinian Arab state. The most prominent Islamist groups, such as Hamas, view the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as a religious jihad. Suicide bombing is used as a tactic among Palestinian organizations like Hamas, Islamic Jihad, and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade and is supported by as much as 68% of the Palestinian people.In Israel, Palestinian suicide bombers have targeted civilian buses, restaurants, shopping malls, hotels and marketplaces. From 1993–2003, 303 Palestinian suicide bombers attacked Israel. The Israeli government initiated the construction of a security barrier following scores of suicide bombings and terrorist attacks in July 2003. Israel's coalition government approved the security barrier in the northern part of the green-line between Israel and the West Bank. Since the erection of the fence, terrorist acts have declined by more than 90%. Since 2001, the threat of Qassam rockets fired from the Palestinian Territories into Israel is also of great concern for Israeli defense officials.In 2006—the year followi ng Israel's disengagement from the Gaza Strip—the Israeli government recorded 1,726 such launches, more than four times the total rockets fired in 2005. As of January 2009, over 8,600 rockets had been launched, causing widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life. Over 500 rockets and mortars hit Israel between January–September 2010. Since mid-June 2007, Israel's primary means of dealing with security concerns in the West Bank has been to cooperate with and permit United States-sponsored training, equipping, and funding of the Palestinian Authority's security forces, which with Israeli help have largely succeeded in quelling West Bank supporters of Hamas. Rights on Water ResourcesOf the water available from the West Bank aquifers, Israel uses 73%, West Bank Palestinians use 17% and illegal Jewish settlers use 10%, while 10-14% of Palestines GDP is agricultural, 90% of them must rely on rain fed farming methods, Israels agriculture is only 3% of their G DP but Israel irrigates more than 50% of their land, three million West Bank Palestinian use only 250,000,000 cubic metres per year while six million Israelis enjoy the use of 1. 954million cubic meters which means that each Israeli consumes as much water as four Palestinians, Israeli settlers are allocated 1,450m cubic per person per year. Israel consumes the vast majority of the water from the Jordan river despite only 3% of the river falling within is pre-1967 borders.Israel now diverts one quarters of its total water consumption through its national water barrier carrier from the Jordan river, where Palestinians have no access to it what-so-ever due to Israeli closures, Israel does not allow new wells to be drilled by Palestinians and has consificated many wells for Israeli use, Israel sets quotas on how much water can be drawn by Palestinians from existing wells when supplies of water are low in the summer month, the Israeli water company closes the values which supply Palestin ian towns and villages so as not to affect Israeli supplies, this means that illegal Israeli settlers can have their pools topped up and lawns watered while Palestinians living next to them, on whose land the settltment are situated do not have enough water for drinking and cooking. In the Oslo II Accord treaty, both sides agreed to maintain â€Å"existing quantities of utilization from the resources. In so doing, the Palestinian Authority established the legality of Israeli water production in the West Bank. Moreover, Israel obligated itself in this agreement to provide water to supplement Palestinian production, and further agreed to allow additional Palestinian drilling in the Eastern Aquifer. Many Palestinians counter that the Oslo II agreement was intended to be a temporary resolution and that it was not intended to remain in effect more than a decade later. Indeed its name is â€Å"The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement. † This agreement also established the right o f the Palestinian Authority to explore and drill for natural gas, fuel and petroleum within its territory and territorial waters.It also delineated the major terms of conduct regarding regulations on the parties' facilities. In 1999, Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it continued to honor its obligations under the Interim Agreement. The water that Israel receives comes mainly from the Jordan River system, the Sea of Galilee and two underground sources. According to a 2003 BBC article the Palestinians lack access to the Jordan River system. Numerous foreign nations and international organizations have established bilateral agreements with the Palestinian and Israeli water authorities. It is estimated that a future investment of about US$1. 1bn for the West Bank and $0. bn is needed for the planning period from 2003 to 2015. In order to support and improve the water sector in the Palestinian territories, a number of bilateral and multilateral agencies have been supporting many different water and sanitation programs. There are three large seawater desalination plants in Israel and two more scheduled to open before 2014. When the fourth plant becomes operational, 65% of Israel's water will come from desalination plants, according to Minister of Finance Dr. Yuval Steinitz. Palestinian Refugees of the 1948 War Palestinian refugees are people who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict.The number of Palestinians who fled or were expelled from Israel following its creation was estimated at 711,000 in 1949. Descendants of these original Palestinian Refugees are also eligible for registration and services provided by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), and as of 2010 number 4. 7 million people. A third of the refugees live in recognized refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The remainder live in and around the cities a nd towns of these host countries. Most of these people were born outside of Israel, but are descendants of original Palestinian refugees. Palestinian egotiators, most notably Yasser Arafat, have so far insisted that refugees have a right to return to the places where they lived before 1948 and 1967, including those within the 1949 Armistice lines, citing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and UN General Assembly Resolution 194 as evidence, although they have privately countenanced the return of only 10,000 refugees and their families to Israel as part of a peace settlement. Mahmoud Abbas, the current Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization accepts that it is â€Å"illogical to ask Israel to take 5 million, or indeed 1 million. That would mean the end of Israel. † The Arab Peace Initiative of 2002 declared that it proposed the compromise of a â€Å"just resolution† of the refugee problem. Palestinian and international authors have justified the right of return of the Palestinian refugees on several grounds; * A few authors included in the broader New Historians assert that the Palestinian refugees were chased out or expelled by the actions of the Haganah, Lehi and Irgun.The New Historians cite indications of Arab leaders' desire for the Palestinian Arab population to stay put. Shlaim (2000) states that from April 1948 the military forces of what was to become Israel had embarked on a new offensive strategy which involved destroying Arab villages and the forced removal of civilians. * However, historian Benny Morris states that most of Palestine's 700,000 â€Å"refugees† fled because of the â€Å"flail of war† and expected to return home shortly after a successful Arab invasion. He documents how all around Palestine, Arab leaders advised the evacuation of entire communities as happened in Haifa, 1948. Morris considers the displacement the result of a national conflict initiated by the Arabs themselves. Karsh notes tha t the Palestinians were themselves the aggressors in the 1948-49 war who attempted to â€Å"cleanse† a neighboring ethnic community. Had the United Nations resolution of November 29, 1947, which called for two states in Palestine, not been subverted by force by the Arab world, there would have been no refugee problem in the first place. He reports of large numbers of Palestinian refugees leaving even before the outbreak of the 1948 war because of disillusionment and economic privation. The British High Commissioner for Palestine spoke of the â€Å"collapsing Arab morale in Palestine† that he partially attributed to the â€Å"increasing tendency of those who should be leading them to leave the country† and the considerable evacuations of the Arab effendi class.Huge numbers of Palestinians were also expelled by their leadership to prevent them from becoming Israeli citizens and in Haifa and Tiberias, tens of thousands of Arabs were forcibly evacuated on the instru ctions of the Arab Higher Committee. * The Israeli Law of Return that grants citizenship to any Jew from anywhere in the world is viewed by some as discrimination against non-Jews, especially Palestinians that cannot apply for such citizenship or return to the territory which they were expelled from or fled during the course of the 1948 war. Since none of the 900,000 Jewish refugees who fled anti-Semitic violence in the Arab world was ever compensated or repatriated by their former countries of residence—to no objection on the part of Arab leaders—a precedent has been set whereby it is the responsibility of the nation which accepts the refugees to assimilate them.Although Israel accepts the right of the Palestinian Diaspora to return into a new Palestinian state, Israel insists that their return into the current state of Israel would be a great danger for the stability of the Jewish state; an influx of Palestinian refugees would lead to the destruction of the state of Israel. Control over Jerusalem Israel remains one of the core issues in the Israel-Palestinian conflict, During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and latter annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem including the Old City was captured by Jordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem during the six day war and subsequently annexed it. The border of Jerusalem is a particularly delicate issue, with each side asserting claims over this city.The three largest Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—include Jerusalem as an important setting for their religious and historical narratives. Israel asserts that the city should not be divided and should remain unified within Israel's political control. Palestinians claim at least the parts of the city which were not part of Israel prior to June 1967. As of 2005, there were more than 719,000 people living in Jerusalem; 465,000 were Jews (mostly living in West Jerusalem) and 232,000 were Muslim s (mostly living in East Jerusalem). The Israeli government, including the Knesset and Supreme Court, is centered in the â€Å"new city† of West Jerusalem and has been since Israel's founding in 1948. After Israel aptured the Jordanian-controlled East Jerusalem in the Six-Day War, it assumed complete administrative control of East Jerusalem. In 1980, Israel issued a new law stating, â€Å"Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel. † At the Camp David and Taba Summits in 2000–01, the United States proposed a plan in which the Arab parts of Jerusalem would be given to the proposed Palestinian state while the Jewish parts of Jerusalem were retained by Israel. All archaeological work under the Temple Mount would be jointly controlled by the Israeli and Palestinian governments. Both sides accepted the proposal in principle, but the summits ultimately failed.Israel has grave concerns regarding the welfare of Jewish holy places under possible Palestinian control. When Jerusalem was under Jordanian control, no Jews were allowed to visit the Western Wall or other Jewish holy places, and the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives was desecrated. [63] In 2000, a Palestinian mob took over Joseph's Tomb, a shrine considered sacred by both Jews and Muslims, looted and burned the building and turned it into a mosque. [64] There are unauthorized Palestinian excavations for construction on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, which could threaten the stability of the Western Wall. Israel, on the other hand, has seldom blocked access to holy places sacred to other religions.Israeli security agencies routinely monitor and arrest Jewish extremists that plan attacks, resulting in almost no serious incidents for the last 20 years. Moreover, Israel has given almost complete autonomy to the Muslim trust (Waqf) over the Temple Mount. Israel expresses concern over the security of its residents if neighborhoods of Jerusalem are placed under Palestinian cont rol. Jerusalem has been a prime target for attacks by militant groups against civilian targets since 1967. Many Jewish neighborhoods have been fired upon from Arab areas. The proximity of the Arab areas, if these regions were to fall in the boundaries of a Palestinian state, would be so close as to threaten the safety of Jewish residents.Nadav Shragai states this idea in his study for the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, â€Å"An Israeli security body that was tasked in March 2000 with examining the possibility of transferring three Arab villages just outside of Jerusalem – Abu Dis, Al Azaria, and a-Ram – to Palestinian security control, assessed at the time that: ‘Terrorists will be able to exploit the short distances, sometimes involving no more than crossing a street, to cause damage to people or property. A terrorist will be able to stand on the other side of the road, shoot at an Israeli or throw a bomb, and it may be impossible to do anything about it. The road will constitute the border. ‘ If that is the case for neighborhoods outside of Jerusalem's municipal boundaries, how much more, so for Arab neighborhoods within those boundaries. Palestinians have voiced concerns regarding the welfare of Christian and Muslim holy places under Israeli control. Some Palestinian advocates have made statements alleging that the Western Wall tunnel was re-opened with the intent of causing the mosque's collapse.Israel considers these statements to be totally baseless and unfounded, and to be deliberately intended to incite aggression and public disorder, and stated this in a 1996 speech at the UN. Israeli Military Occupation in West Bank Occupied Palestinian Territory is the term used by the United Nations to refer to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip—territories which were captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War, having formerly been controlled by Egypt and Jordan. The Israeli government uses the te rm Disputed Territories, to argue that some territories cannot be called occupied as no nation had clear rights to them and there was no operative diplomatic arrangement when Israel acquired them in June 1967.The area is still referred to as Judea and Samaria by some Israeli groups, based on the historical regional names from ancient times. In 1980, Israel annexed East Jerusalem. Israel has never annexed the West Bank or Gaza Strip, and the United Nations has demanded the â€Å"termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for an acknowledgment of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force† and that Israeli forces withdraw â€Å"from territories occupied in the recent conflict† – the meaning and intent of the latter phrase is disputed. See Interpretations.It has been the position of Israel that the most Arab-populated parts of West Bank (without major Jewish settlements), and the entire Gaza Strip must eventually be part of an independent Palestinian State. However, the precise borders of this state are in question. At Camp David, for example, then-Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak offered Yasser Arafat an opportunity to establish an independent Palestinian State composed of 92% of the West Bank, Arab neighborhood of East Jerusalem, and the entire Gaza Strip and dismantling of most settlements. Yasser Arafat rejected the proposal without providing a counter-offer. A subsequent settlement proposed by President Clinton offered Palestinian sovereignty over 94 to 96 percent of the West Bank but was similarly rejected.Some Palestinians claim they are entitled to all of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. Israel says it is justified in not ceding all this land, because of security concerns, and also because the lack of any valid diplomatic agreement at the time means that ownership and boundaries of this land is open for discussion. Palestinians claim any reduction of this claim is a severe deprivation of their rights. In negotiations, they claim that any moves to reduce the boundaries of this land are a hostile move against their key interests. Israel considers this land to be in dispute, and feels the purpose of negotiations is to define what the final borders will be.Other Palestinian groups, such as Hamas, have in the past insisted that Palestinians must control not only the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, but also all of Israel proper. For this reason, Hamas has viewed the peace process â€Å"as religiously forbidden and politically inconceivable†. Control of the Air Space During the Camp David Summit during the summer of 2000, American military experts raised the question of whether the Israeli demand for control of a unified air space over all the territory between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River was ess ential. Among the justifications provided by Israeli representatives was the danger of aerial terrorism. The Israeli explained their need to be prepared in the event of a suicide attack, carried out by a civilian air craft laden with explosives.Access to the Israelis air space from the Mediterranean sea to the west is permitted only to planes that have identified themselves and have been identified before they come within 100meters of Israel The Palestinians have demanded control over the Kalandia (Atarot) airfield in Jerusalem, to have it become the international airport of the Palestinian state. They also intend to establish additional airports for internal Palestinian air traffic. Israel opposes handing over Atarot airfield to the Palestinians since a Palestinian airport adjacent to Israel’s capital poses an unacceptable risk. The operation of a Palestinian airport in the West Bank would also entail substantial risks – both in terms of security and in terms of fligh t safety. Israel would lack the sufficient flight safety.Israel would lack the sufficient response time required to intercept a hostile response time required to intercept a hostile plane on a mission to attack an Israeli target. In addition, there is the danger of traffic overload in the international corridor between Israel and Jordan, and an overlap of activity (circling) involving Ben-Gurion Airport, Israeli military airports, and civilian airports in the West Bank. The Palestinians repeatedly argue that they The Palestinians repeatedly argue that they insist that peace will bring security. Therefore believe their own interests take precedence over Israel’s. Conversely, Israel views its security as a necessary condition for maintaining peace and stability, and cannot agree to proposals that would base its vital security needs solely on diplomatic agreements.It is only through a mutual understanding of the other party’s needs – and by building an effective co ordination apparatus to provide fitting solutions to demands on both sides – that a stable and viable agreement can be implemented. In light of the special time, space and topographical conditions of the area, it is not possible to divide the airspace and the electromagnetic spectrum between Israel and a future Palestinian state. For both of these, unified solutions are